Negara kesatuan
Negara kesatuan yaiku negara sing dipimpin minangka entitas tunggal lan pamrentah pusat dadi sing paling dhuwur. Negara kesatuan beda karo federasi, seng dikenal uga minangka negara federal.
Ringkasan
[besut | besut sumber]Ing negara kesatuan, pamrentah pusat bisa nggawe (utawa ngilangi) divisi administratif (unit sub-nasional).[1] Unit kasebut mung nggunakake kekuwatan sing dipilih saka delegasi pusat. Sanajan kekuwatan politik bisa didelegake liwat devolusi menyang pamrentah regional utawa daerah miturut undang-undange, pamrentah pusat bisa uga mbatalke tumindak pamrentah sing didelehasiake utawa nyuda kekuwatane. Sebagéyan gedhé negara ing saindenging jagad (166 negara saka 193 anggota PBB) duwé sistem pamréntahan kesatuan.[2]
Ing federasi, pamrentah provinsi/regional nuduhake kekuwatan karo pamrentah pusat minangka aktor sing padha liwat konstitusi tertulis, sing kudu duweni ijin saka kalorone yen arep diowahi. Iku tegese unit sub-nasional duwe hak eksistensi lan kekuwatan sing ora bisa sacara sepihak diganti dening pamrentah pusat.[3]
Devolusi ing negara kesatuan, kaya federalisme, bisa simetris, kanthi kabeh unit sub-nasional duwe kekuwatan lan status sing padha, utawa asimetris, kanthi unit-unit sub-nasional beda-beda miturut kekuwatane lan status. Akeh negara kesatuan ora duwe wilayah sing nduwe gelar otonomi.[4] Ing negara kaya ngono, wilayah sub-nasional ora bisa milih ukum dhewe. Contone Romania, Irlandia lan Nurwègen. Svalbard duweni otonomi sing luwih endhek tinimbang ing daratan utama. Iki dikontrol langsung karo pamrentah lan ora duwe aturan lokal.
Dhaptar republik kesatuan lan kerajaan kesatuan
[besut | besut sumber]Republik kesatuan
[besut | besut sumber]Miring: Negara kanthi pengakuan winates saka negara daulat utawa organisasi antar pemerintah liyane.
- Afghanistan
- Albania
- Algeria
- Angola
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Bangladesh
- Bélarus
- Benin
- Bolivia
- Botswana
- Bulgaria
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Cameroon
- Cape Verde
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- Chile
- China [5]
- Republic of China
- Colombia
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Republic of the Congo
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Djibouti
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- East Timor
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Éstlan
- Fiji
- Finland
- France
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Georgia
- Ghana
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Ivory Coast
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- North Korea
- South Korea
- Kosovo
- Kyrgyzstan
- Laos
- Lètlan
- Lebanon
- Liberia
- Libya
- Litowen
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Maldives
- Mali
- Malta
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritania
- Mauritius
- Moldova
- Mongolia
- Montenegro
- Mozambique
- Myanmar
- Namibia
- Nauru
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Makedonia Lor
- Palau
- Palestine
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Rwanda
- Samoa
- San Marino
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Slowak
- Slowén
- Somaliland
- South Africa
- Sri Lanka
- Suriname
- Syria
- Tajikistan
- Tanzania
- Togo
- Transnistria
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- Uruguay
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
Kesatuan Monarki
[besut | besut sumber]Karajan Manunggal Britania Agung lan Irlandia Lor minangka conto salah sawijining negara kesatuan. Skotlandia, Wales lan Irlandia Lor duwe derajat kekuwatan sing diturunake kanthi daerah otonomi, nanging kekuwatan kasebut diwarisake dening Parlemèn Karajan Manunggal, sing bisa ngetrapake undang-undang kanthi ngowahi utawa ngilangi pangubahan (Inggris ora duwe kekuwatan sing diturunake). Kajaba ing Kerajaan Spanyol, kekuwatan sing dipasrahake diwenehake liwat pamrentah pusat.
- Andorra
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Bahrain
- The Bahamas
- Barbados
- Belize
- Bhutan
- Brunei
- Cambodia
- Dhènemarken
- Eswatini
- Grenada
- Gibraltar
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kuwait
- Lesotho
- Liechtenstein
- Luxembourg
- Monaco
- Morocco
- Netherlands
- New Zealand[6]
- Norway
- Oman
- Papua New Guinea
- Qatar
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Saudi Arabia
- Solomon Islands
- Spain
- Sweden
- Thailand
- Tonga
- Tuvalu
- United Kingdom[7]
- Vatican City
Referensi
[besut | besut sumber]- ↑ "What is a Unitary State?". WorldAtlas. Dibukak ing 2019-02-22.
- ↑ "Democracy". www.un.org. 2015-11-20. Dibukak ing 2019-02-22.
- ↑ Ghai, Yash; Regan, Anthony J. (September 2006). "Unitary state, devolution, autonomy, secession: State building and nation building in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea". The Round Table. 95 (386): 589–608. doi:10.1080/00358530600931178. ISSN 0035-8533. S2CID 153980559.
- ↑ "unitary system | government". Encyclopedia Britannica. Dibukak ing 2017-08-11.
- ↑ Roy Bin Wong. China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience. Cornell University Press.
- ↑ "Story: Nation and government – From colony to nation". The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 29 August 2013. Dibukak ing 19 April 2014.
- ↑ "Social policy in the UK". An introduction to Social Policy. Robert Gordon University – Aberdeen Business School. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 4 July 2014. Dibukak ing 19 April 2014.