Palarangan kanthong plastik

Saka Wikipédia Jawa, bauwarna mardika basa Jawa

Palarangan kanthong plastik iku angger-angger kang matesi panganggoning kanthong plastik ènthèng ing toko-toko ècèran. Ing wiwitan abad ka-21, ana trèn global pambusakan kanthong plastik ènthèng.[1][2] Kanthong plastik kanggo blanja lumrahé dianggo mung ping pisan. Kanthong iki digawé saka plastik jinis low-density polyethylene (LDPE),[3] lan diwènèhaké kanthi gratis marang palanggan nalika tuku barang: kanthong iki pancèn dianggep pénak, murah, lan higiyènis nalika nggawa barang. Nanging, masalah banjur metu jalaran kanthong plastik iku sumber daya kang ora kaanyaraké (non-renewable resources kaya ta lenga patra, gas, lan areng watu),[4] angèl nalika nindakaké pangguwakan kang trep, lan ana dampak lingkungané. Bareng karo pangélongan kanthong plastik ènthèng, toko-toko padha nepungaké tas blanja kang kena dianggo manèh.

Pirang-pirang pamaréntahan nglarang dodolan kanthong plastik, tuladhané ya iku palanggan kudu mbayar yèn péngin nganggo kanthong plastik, utawa majegi toko kang ngadol kanthong plastik.[2][5] Pamaréntah Banggaladésa dadi kang pisanan kang nglarang kanthong plastik sawutuhé ing 2002.[6] Ing taun 2010 nganti 2019, kawicaksanan publik kang kanggo mbusak panganggoning kanthong plastik dadi mundhak ping telu.[7] Ing 2022, palarangan kaya mangkono iku wis ditrapaké ing 99 nagara, mawa tingkat palarangan kang béda-béda, lan 32 nagara uga ngongkon wargané ngetokaké dhuwit yèn péngin nganggo kanthong plastik ing toko. Palarangan lan mbayar kanthong plastik uga disahaké déning sawetara yuridiksi ing tingkat provinsi.

Masalah[besut | besut sumber]

Limbah plastik ing tumpukan sampah ing Filipina

Kanthong plastik marakaké akèh masalah lingkungan lan ékologi ing skala cilik nganti gedhé. Masalah paling lumrah kang diwetokaké kanthong plastik iku cacahing limbah kang digawé. Akèh kanthong plastik kang pungkasané malah ana ing dalan lan tumuli nyemari sumber banyu saha kali.

Foto kanthong plastik kang gapuk ing cedhak dalan munggah gunung. Kira-kira 2.000 wiji renyekan plastik mawa ukuran 1–25 mm sawisé telung sasi kena cahya srengéngé.

Senadyan ta plastiké wis diguwak kanthi trep, plastiké bakal butuh wektu nganti taunan supaya kauré (terurai), lan isih bakal nggawé sampah kang cacahé akèh ing wektu suwé. Kanthong kang diguwak kanthi sembarangan uga bakal nyemari dalan banyu, nyumpeti kalèn, lan tinemu ing segara, mènèhi dampak ala marang ékosistem makhluk segara.[3] Volume limbah plastik kang gedhé uga kaguwak menyang segara saben taun. Bab iki marakaké anceman marang spésiyes segara lan nganggu ranté panganan ing kana. Sawetara spésiyes mikroba mapan ing partikel-partikel plastik kang ngundhakaké bebayané, lan partikel-partikel plastik kang kagawa angin bisa mujudaké tumpukan sampah ing pirang-pirang pérangan segara.[8] PBB mrakirakaké yèn bakal akèh plastik tinimbang iwak ing segara nalika taun 2050 kajaba nagara-nagara nindakaké tumindak darurat kanggo mromosikaké prodhuksi, panganggonan, lan pangurusan limbah plastik ing sadawané siklus urip plastik.[9]

Kanthong plastik diweruhi nyumbang pamanasan global. Sawisé diguwak, nuli kena sorotan srengéngé terus-terusan, palumahing plastik iki bakal ngasilaké gas rumah kaca kang lumayan akèh, kaya ta métana lan étiléna. Kajaba iku, amerga sipat senyawa kimia mawa karapetan kang cilik utawa dhuwur pangé, marakaké kanthong plastik gampang kauré tinimbang jinis plastik liyané. Kasilé, palumahing aréa plastik kang kasorot srengéngé nggelisaké panguculan gas rumah kaca. Asiling gas penjejak (trace gas) mundhak makaping-kaping saka plastik murni dhedhasar palumahing aréa lan wektu suwéné. Mula, LDPE ngetokaké gas rumah kaca nganti tingkat kang luwih angèl diurusi tinimbang jinis plastik liya. Ing pungkasan inkubasi sasuwéné 212 dina, émisi kang kacathet ya iku 5,8 nmol g-1 d-1 métana, 14,5 nmol g-1 d-1 étiéna, 3,9 nmol g-1 d-1 étana, lan 9,7 nmol g-1 d-1 propiléna.[10]

Lègislasi ing sakabèhing donya[besut | besut sumber]

Ringkesan[besut | besut sumber]

Pambusakan kanthong plastik ing sakabèhing donya (angger-angger kang disahaké nanging durung ditindakaké ora bakal kapacak ing péta)      Plastik ora diidini      Kudu mbayar kanthong plastik      Mbayar salilané      Sapérangan kudu mbayar utawa ora diidini


Lègislasi Nagara Grup Régional Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa Cathetan Rujukan
Ora diidini Afghanistan Asia-Pasifik [11]
Ora diidini Albani Éropa Wétan Awit 2018. [12]
Ora diidini Andorra Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 2017. [13]
Ora diidini Anguilla N/A Awit 2018. [14]
Ora diidini Antigua lan Barbuda Amérika Latin [15]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Argèntina Amérika Latin Ora diidini ing sawetara provinsi lan kutha. [16]
Ora diidini Armèni Éropa Wétan Awit 2022. [17]
Ora diidini Ostrali Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Palarangan kanthong plastik ing kabèh nagara bagéan lan tèritori. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]
Ora diidini Ostenrik Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 2020. [25]
Ora diidini Azerbaijan Éropa Wétan Awit 2021. [26]
Ora diidini Bahama Amérika Latin Awit 1 Juli 2020. [27]
Ora diidini Bahrain Asia-Pasifik Awit 21 Juli 2019. [28]
Ora diidini Banggaladésa Asia-Pasifik Awit 2002. [29]
Ora diidini Barbados Amérika Latin Awit April 2019. [30]
Bélarus Éropa Wétan Bab kudu mbayar kanthong plastik lagi dirembug [31]
Ora diidini Bèlgi Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 2016 ing Wallonia, 2017 ing Brusel, 2019 ing Flanders. [32][33]
Ora diidini Belis Amérika Latin Awit 22 April 2019 (Dina Bumi). [34][35]
Ora diidini Bénin Afrika Awit Novèmber 2017. [36][37]
Ora diidini Bhutan Asia-Pasifik [38]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Bolivia Amérika Kidul Ora diidini ing La Paz. [39]
Mbayar Bosni lan Hérzégowina Éropa Wétan [11]
Ora diidini Botswana Afrika Awit Novèmber 2018. [40]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Brasil Amérika Latin Ora diidini ing Sao Paulo lan Rio de Janeiro. [41][42]
Tlatah Samodra India Britis N/A Rencana ngganti kanthong plastik karo tas kertas, carané durung diumumaké. [43]
Mbayar salilané Brunéi Darussalam Asia-Pasifik [44]
Mbayar Bulgari Éropa Wétan [45]
Ora diidini Burkina Faso Afrika Awit 2015. [46][37]
Ora diidini Burundi Afrika Awit 22 Agustus 2019. [47]
Mbayar Kamboja Asia-Pasifik Awit Oktober 2017. [48]
Ora diidini Kamerun Afrika Awit April 2014. [49]
Ora diidini Kanada Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 20 Dhésèmber 2022. See section[50]
Ora diidini Pongol Verdé Afrika Awit 2017. [51][37]
Ora diidini Républik Afrika Tengah Afrika Awit 2021. [52]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Chad Afrika Ora diidini ing N'Djamena. [53]
Ora diidini Cilé Amérika Latin Awit Fèbruari 2019. [54]
Ora diidini Cina Asia-Pasifik Awit 2022. Kudu mbayar awit Juni 2008. Diganti karo palarangan, kajaba prodhuk-prodhuk seger nganti 2025. Ing Hong Kong lan Makau kudu mbayar. [55][56][57][58][59]
Mbayar Taiwan Asia-Pasifik Awit 2003. Palarangan direncanakaké ing 2030. [60][61][62][63]
Ora diidini Kolombia Amérika Latin Awit Juli 2017. Kudu mbayar yèn péngin nganggo plastik kang kena dianggo manèh. [64][65]
Ora diidini Komoro Afrika Awit April 2018. [66]
Ora diidini Kosta Rika Amérika Latin Awit 2021. [67][68]
Ora diidini Républik Dhémokratik Kongo Afrika Awit 2018. [69]
Ora diidini Républik Kongo Afrika Awit 2011. [70]
Ora diidini Kroasia Éropa Wétan Awit 2022. [71]
Ora diidini Siprus Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 18 Fèbruari 2023. [72][73]
Mbayar Céko Éropa Wétan Awit 2018 [74]
Mbayar Dhènemarken Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Kanthong plastik dipajegi awit 1993. Ora dipajegi ing Grinlan. [75][76]
Ora diidini Jibuti Afrika [11]
Ora diidini Dominika Amérika Lor Awit 2019. [77]
Ora diidini Timor Wétan Asia-Pasifik Awit 23 Fèbruari 2021. [78]
Mbayar Ékuador Amérika Latin Awit 9 May 2020. Ora diidini ing Galápagos. [79][80]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Mesir Afrika Ora diidini ing Kagubernuran Segara Abang. [81]
Mbayar Guinéa Katulistiwa Afrika Kudu mbayar awit 12 Dhésèmber 2019. [82]
Ora diidini Eritrea Afrika Awit 2005. [83]
Mbayar Estonia Éropa Wétan Awit Juli 2017. [75]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Éthiopia Afrika [84]
Ora diidini Fiji Asia-Pasifik Awit 2020. [85]
Mbayar salilané Finlan Éropa Kulon lan Liyané [86][75]
Ora diidini Prancis Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit Juli 2016. Uga ora diidini ing Jaban Rangkah Prancis. [87][88][89][90][91]
Ora diidini Gabon Afrika Awit 2010. [92]
Ora diidini Gambia Afrika Awit 2015. [93][37]
Ora diidini Géorgia Éropa Wétan Awit 2017. [94]
Ora diidini Jerman Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 2022. [95]
Ora diidini Gibraltar N/A Awit 2019. [96]
Mbayar Grikenlan Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 2018. [97]
Ora diidini Grenada Amérika Latin Awit Fèbruari 2019. [98]
Ora diidini Guatémala Amérika Latin Awit 2021. [99]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan lan mbayar salilané Guernsey N/A Ora diidini ing Alderney. Mbayar salilané ing Guernsey. [100][101]
Ora diidini Guinea-Bissau Afrika Awit 2016. [102][37]
Ora diidini Guyana Amérika Latin Awit 2021. [103]
Ora diidini Haiti Amérika Latin [104][35]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Honduras Amérika Latin Ora diidini ing Dhépartemen Kapuloan Bay. [105]
Mbayar Honggari Éropa Wétan Awit 2012. [75]
Ora diidini Èslan Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 2021. [106]
Ora diidini India Asia-Pasifik Awit 2002. [5][107]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan lan kudu mbayar Indonésia Asia-Pasifik Kudu mbayar ing 23 kutha. Ora diidini ing Bali awit Juni 2019 lan Jakarta awit Juli 2020. [108][109][110][111]
Mbayar Irlan Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit Maret 2002, pajeg 0,15 Euro ditambahaké ing kabèh kanthong plastik. Awit panambahan pambayaran iku, ana pangélongan 90% panganggoning kanthong plastik. [112][113]
Pulo Man N/A Palarangan isih diusulaké. [114][115]
Mbayar Israèl Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit Januari 2017. [116]
Ora diidini Itali Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit Januari 2011. [117]
Ora diidini Pulo Gadhing Afrika Awit 2014. [118][37]
Ora diidini Jamaika Amérika Latin Awit Januari 2019. [119][35]
Mbayar Jepang Asia-Pasifik Awit Juli 2020. [120][121][122]
Ora diidini Jersey N/A Ora diidini awit Juli 2022. Kudu mbayar 70p yèn péngin nganggo kanthong kang kena dianggo manèh. [123][124]
Kazakhstan Asia-Pasifik Bab palarangan kanthong plastik lagi dirembug. [125]
Ora diidini Kénya Afrika Awit 28 Agustus 2017. [126]
Ora diidini Kiribati Asia-Pasifik Awit Oktober 2020. [127]
Kirgizstan Asia-Pasifik Bab palarangan kanthong plastik lagi dirembug. [128]
Mbayar Latvia Éropa Wétan Awit Januari 2019. Ora diidini ing 2025. [129][130]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Lebanon Asia-Pasifik Ora diidini ing Byblos. [131]
Lesotho Afrika Bab kudu mbayar kanthong plastik lagi dirembug. [132]
Mbayar Litowen Éropa Wétan Awit 31 Dhésèmber 2018. [75]
Mbayar Luxembourg Éropa Kulon lan Liyané [75][86]
Ora diidini Madagaskar Afrika Awit 2015. [133]
Malawi Afrika Palarangan bola-bali dijabut. [66]
Mbayar ing sawetara laladan Malaysia Asia-Pasifik Kudu mbayar ing rong nagara bagéan. [134][135]
Ora diidini Maladéwa Asia-Pasifik Awit Juni 2021. [136]
Ora diidini Mali Afrika [137][37]
Ora diidini Malta Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 2022. [75][138]
Ora diidini Kapuloan Marsyal Asia-Pasifik [139]
Ora diidini Mauritania Afrika Awit 2013. [140]
Ora diidini Mauritius Afrika Awit 2016. [141]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Mèksiko Amérika Latin Ora diidini ing 18 nagara bagéan lan Kutha Mèksiko. [142][143][144]
Ora diidini Mikronésia Asia-Pasifik Awit 31 Dhésèmber 2020. [139][145][146][147]
Ora diidini Moldova Éropa Wétan Awit 2021. [148]
Ora diidini Monako Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 2016. [149]
Ora diidini Mongolia Asia-Pasifik Awit Maret 2019. [150]
Giri Cemeng Éropa Wétan Palarangan isih diusulaké. [151]
Ora diidini Maroko Afrika Awit Juli 2016. [152]
Mbayar Mozambik Afrika Awit 5 Fèbruari 2016. Ora diidini ing 2024. [153][154]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Myanmar Asia-Pasifik Ora diidini ing Yangon. [155]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Namibia Afrika Ora diidini ing papan kang dilindhungi. [66][156]
Ora diidini Nauru Asia-Pasifik Awit 23 April 2021. [157]
Ora diidini Népal Asia-Pasifik [158]
Mbayar Nèderlan Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 2016. Ora diidini ing Aruba, Sint Maarten lan Caribbean Nèderlan. [159][160][161][162][163]
Ora diidini Niu Sélan Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit Juli 2019. Uga ora diidini ing Niue. Palarangan isih diusulaké kanggo Kapuloan Cook. [164][165][166]
Ora diidini Niger Afrika [167][37]
Ora diidini Nigeria Afrika [168][37]
Mbayar Makedonia Lor Éropa Wétan Awit 2009. [169][170]
Mbayar salilané Nurwègen Éropa Kulon lan Liyané [171]
Ora diidini Oman Asia-Pasifik Awit 2021. [172]
Ora diidini Pakistan Asia-Pasifik [173][174][175][176]
Ora diidini Palau Asia-Pasifik [177]
Ora diidini Panama Amérika Latin Awit 20 Juli 2019.
Ora diidini Papua New Guinea Asia-Pasifik Awit 2016. [178][179]
Mbayar Peru Amérika Latin Awit Agustus 2019. [180][181]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan lan kudu mbayar Filipina Asia-Pasifik Ora diidini ing Metro Manila, kajaba Taguig, Malabon, Caloocan, Valenzuela, Navotas, San Juan, lan Parañaque. [182][183][184][185][186]
Mbayar Polen Éropa Wétan Awit 2018. [187]
Mbayar Portugal Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 2016. [188]
Ora diidini Romania Éropa Wétan Awit 2019. [75]
Ruslan Éropa Wétan Palarangan direncanakaké ing 2024. [189]
Ora diidini Rwanda Afrika Awit 2008. [190]
Ora diidini Saint Vincent lan Grenadines Amérika Latin Awit Agustus 2020. [191]
Ora diidini Samoa Asia-Pasifik Awit 2019. [192]
Ora diidini San Marino Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 1 Juni 2021. [193]
Ora diidini Sao Tome lan Principe Afrika Awit 2021 [194]
Ora diidini Sénégal Afrika Awit April 2015. [195][37]
Mbayar Sèrbi Éropa Wétan Awit 2018. Ora diidini ing Belgrade. [196][197]
Ora diidini Sésèl Afrika Awit 2017. [198]
Mbayar Slowak Éropa Wétan Awit Maret 2017. [75]
Mbayar Slowén Éropa Wétan Awit 2019. [199]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Kapuloan Solomon Asia-Pasifik Ora diidini ing Provinsi Kulon. [200]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Somalia Afrika Ora diidini ing Somaliland. [201][202][203][204][205]
Mbayar Afrika Kidul Afrika Awit 2004. [206][207]
Ora diidini Koréa Kidul Asia-Pasifik Awit Agustus 2018. [208]
Ora diidini Sudan Kidul Afrika [209]
Mbayar Spanyol Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit Juli 2018. Ora diidini ing Kapuloan Balearic awit 2020. [210][211]
Ora diidini Sri Lanka Asia Awit 2017. [212]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Sudan Afrika Ora diidini ing Khartoum. [213]
Mbayar Swèdhen Éropa Kulon lan Liyané [214]
Mbayar salilané Switserlan Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Ora diidini ing Jénéwa awit 2020. Mbayar salilané ing papan liya. [215][216][217]
Ora diidini Tanzania Afrika Awit Juni 2019. [218][219]
Ora diidini Thai Asia-Pasifik Awit 2021. [220][221]
Ora diidini Togo Afrika Awit Juli 2018. [222][37]
Ora diidini Tunisia Afrika Awit Maret 2017. [223]
Mbayar Turki Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Palarangan ing sawetara laladan. Ing Siprus Lor uga kudu mbayar. [224][225][226]
Ora diidini Kapuloan Turks lan Caicos N/A Awit Januari 2019. [227]
Ora diidini Tuvalu Asia-Pasifik Awit Agustus 2019. [228]
Ora diidini Uganda Afrika Awit Sèptèmber 2007. [229]
Ora diidini Ukraina Éropa Wétan Awit 10 Dhésèmber 2021. [230][231]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan Kaamiran Arab Manunggal Asia-Pasifik Ora diidini ing Abu Dhabi awit 1 Juni 2022. [232]
Mbayar Karajan Manunggal Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Inggris: 5p awit 2015. Mundhak dadi 10p ing 2021. [233][234]
Irlan Lor: 5p awit 2013. Mundhak dadi 25p ing 2022. [235][236]
Skotlan: 5p awit 2014. Mundhak dadi 10p ing 2021. [237][238]
Wales: 5p awit 2011. Palarangan isih diusulaké. [239][240]
Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan lan kudu mbayar Amérika Sarékat Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Ora diidini ing sangang nagara bagéan (siji de facto) lan limang téritori. Kudu mbayar ing Washington, D.C. lan Colorado. Ban bakal ditrapaké ing Colorado taun 2024.
Ora diidini Uruguay Amérika Kidul Awit Juli 2019. [241]
Mbayar Uzbèkistan Asia-Pasifik Awit 2019. [242]
Ora diidini Vanuatu Asia-Pasifik Awit 31 Januari 2018. [243]
Ora diidini Vatikan Éropa Kulon lan Liyané Awit 2019. [244]
Viètnam Asia-Pasifik Palarangan direncanakaké ing 2025. [245]
Ora diidini Yemen Asia-Pasifik [11]
Zambia Afrika Palarangan diumumaké, nanging durung ditindakaké [66]
Ora diidini Zimbabwé Afrika [11]

Rujukan[besut | besut sumber]

  1. ↑ Schnurr, Riley E.J.; Alboiu, Vanessa; Chaudhary, Meenakshi; Corbett, Roan A.; Quanz, Meaghan E.; Sankar, Karthikeshwar; Srain, Harveer S.; Thavarajah, Venukasan; Xanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. (2018). "Reducing marine pollution from single-use plastics (SUPs): A review". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 137: 157–171. Bibcode:2018MarPB.137..157S. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.001. PMID 30503422. S2CID 54522420.
  2. ↑ a b Xanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. (2017). "International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 118 (1–2): 17–26. Bibcode:2017MarPB.118...17X. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048. PMID 28238328.
  3. ↑ a b "Plastic bags". Australian Government. 5 November 2009. Dibukak ing 1 July 2012.
  4. ↑ "Plastic Bag Fact Sheet" (PDF). Sustainability Victoria. 9 November 2005. Diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 3 September 2013. Dibukak ing 1 July 2012.
  5. ↑ a b Kogoy, D (8 November 2010). "Plastic bag reduction around the world" (PDF). Marrickville Council.
  6. ↑ Onyanga-Omara, Jane (14 September 2013). "Plastic bag backlash gains momentum". BBC News – lumantar bbc.co.uk.
  7. ↑ Nielsen, Tobias Dan; Holmberg, Karl; Stripple, Johannes (March 2019). "Need a bag? A review of public policies on plastic carrier bags – Where, how and to what effect?". Waste Management. 87: 428–440. Bibcode:2019WaMan..87..428N. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.025. PMID 31109543. S2CID 104472741.
  8. ↑ Ghaffar, Imania; Rashid, Muhammad; Akmal, Muhammad; Hussain, Ali (August 2022). "Plastics in the environment as potential threat to life: an overview". Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ing basa Inggris). 29 (38): 56928–56947. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-21542-x. ISSN 0944-1344. PMID 35713833. S2CID 249713887.
  9. ↑ "Our planet is drowning in plastic pollution. This World Environment Day, it's time for a change". www.unenvironment.org. Dibukak ing 2020-08-24.
  10. ↑ Karl, David M.; Wilson, Samuel T.; Ferrón, Sara; Royer, Sarah-Jeanne (1 August 2018). "Production of methane and ethylene from plastic in the environment". PLOS ONE (ing basa Inggris). 13 (8): e0200574. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1300574R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200574. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6070199. PMID 30067755. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  11. ↑ a b c d e "Legal Limits on Single-Use Plastics and Microplastics" (PDF). United Nations. 2018. Dibukak ing 27 March 2019.
  12. ↑ "Albania bans lightweight plastic bags". Emerging Europe. 31 July 2018. Dibukak ing 9 August 2018.
  13. ↑ "Reducció del consum de les bosses de plàstic". mediambient.ad. Dibukak ing 1 January 2019.
  14. ↑ "Anguilla Joins Region's Governments Banning Plastic". The Anguillan. 26 November 2018.
  15. ↑ "Antigua and Barbuda bans plastic bags". 12 July 2016. Dibukak ing 27 November 2017.
  16. ↑ "Adiós a las bolsas del súper". Clarin. January 2017. Dibukak ing 2 January 2017.
  17. ↑ "Armenia to introduce environmental tax on plastic bags, looks to ban from 2022". Panorama.am. 23 February 2019. Dibukak ing 26 March 2019.
  18. ↑ "New laws that will affect Australia". January 2018. Dibukak ing 3 January 2018.
  19. ↑ "Plastic bag ban gets green light in Queensland". ABC News. 6 September 2017. Dibukak ing 3 January 2018.
  20. ↑ "Victoria set to ban plastic bags next year". Dibukak ing 18 July 2018.
  21. ↑ "Council Adopts a Plastic Bag Policy for Norfolk Island". Norfolk Online. 20 October 2017. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 20 June 2021. Dibukak ing 1 January 2019.
  22. ↑ "Victoria moves to ban plastic bags". SBS. 19 June 2019.
  23. ↑ Risso, Angelo (2020-03-08). "NSW set to ban single-use plastic bags". Seven News. Diarsip saka asliné ing 2020-06-13. Dibukak ing 2021-04-07.
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  224. ↑ "Plastic bags to be banned on Istanbul's Princes' Islands". Hürriyet Daily News. Dibukak ing 27 November 2017.
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  226. ↑ "North Cyprus introduces plastic bag charge – T-VINE". Dibukak ing 27 December 2018.
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  234. ↑ "Higher plastic bag charge comes into force in England". BBC News (ing basa Inggris Karajan Manunggal). 2021-05-20. Dibukak ing 2023-01-23.
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  241. ↑ "Ley N° 19655". www.impo.com.uy. Dibukak ing 2019-07-01.
  242. ↑ "Free distribution of plastic bags to be banned in Uzbekistan from 2019". UzDaily.com. Dibukak ing 27 December 2018.
  243. ↑ "Plastic bag ban in Vanuatu from February". 3 January 2018. Dibukak ing 3 January 2018.
  244. ↑ "Vatican City State set to end sale of single-use plastics". The Tablet. 16 July 2019.
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