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'''Rutherfordium''' ({{pronEng|ˌrʌðɚˈfɔrdiəm}}) |
'''Rutherfordium''' ({{pronEng|ˌrʌðɚˈfɔrdiəm}}) iku sawijining [[unsur kimia]] jroning [[Tabel périodik]] kanthi simbul '''Rf''' lan [[nomer atom]] [[104]]. |
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{{Listen|filename=rutherfordium.ogg|title=Rutherfordium|description=Common English pronunciation of rutherfordium|format=[[Ogg]]}} |
{{Listen|filename=rutherfordium.ogg|title=Rutherfordium|description=Common English pronunciation of rutherfordium|format=[[Ogg]]}} |
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This is a [[radioactive]] [[synthetic element]] whose most stable known [[isotope]] is <sup>267</sup>Rf with a [[half-life]] of approximately 1.3 hours. Chemistry experiments have confirmed that rutherfordium behaves as the heavier homologue to hafnium in group 4 (see below). |
This is a [[radioactive]] [[synthetic element]] whose most stable known [[isotope]] is <sup>267</sup>Rf with a [[half-life]] of approximately 1.3 hours. Chemistry experiments have confirmed that rutherfordium behaves as the heavier homologue to hafnium in group 4 (see below). |
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==Official discovery== |
==Official discovery== |
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Element 104 was reportedly [[discovery of the chemical elements|first detected]] in 1966 at the [[JINR|Joint Institute of Nuclear Research ]] at [[Dubna]] ([[U.S.S.R.]]). Researchers there bombarded <sup>242</sup>[[plutonium|Pu]] with accelerated <sup>22</sup>[[neon|Ne]] [[ion]]s and separated the reaction products by gradient thermochromatography after conversion to chlorides by interaction with ZrCl<sub>4</sub>. The team identified a [[spontaneous fission]] activity contained within a volatile chloride portraying eka-hafnium properties. Although a half-life was not accurately determined, later calculations indicated that the product was most likely <sup>259</sup>Rf:<ref name=93TWG>[http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1993/pdf/6508x1757.pdf "DISCOVERY OF THE TRANSFERMIUM ELEMENTS"], '''IUPAC/IUPAP Technial Report''', ''Pure & Appl. Chem.'', Vol. 65, No. 8, pp. 1757-1814,1993. Retrieved on [[2008-03-04]]</ref> |
Element 104 was reportedly [[discovery of the chemical elements|first detected]] in 1966 at the [[JINR|Joint Institute of Nuclear Research ]] at [[Dubna]] ([[U.S.S.R.]]). Researchers there bombarded <sup>242</sup>[[plutonium|Pu]] with accelerated <sup>22</sup>[[neon|Ne]] [[ion]]s and separated the reaction products by gradient thermochromatography after conversion to chlorides by interaction with ZrCl<sub>4</sub>. The team identified a [[spontaneous fission]] activity contained within a volatile chloride portraying eka-hafnium properties. Although a half-life was not accurately determined, later calculations indicated that the product was most likely <sup>259</sup>Rf:<ref name=93TWG>[http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1993/pdf/6508x1757.pdf "DISCOVERY OF THE TRANSFERMIUM ELEMENTS"], '''IUPAC/IUPAP Technial Report''', ''Pure & Appl. Chem.'', Vol. 65, No. 8, pp. 1757-1814,1993. Retrieved on [[2008-03-04]]</ref> |
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:<math>\, ^{242}_{94}\mathrm{Pu} + \, ^{22}_{10}\mathrm{Ne} \to \, ^{264-x}_{104}\mathrm{Rf}\to \,^{264-x}_{104}\mathrm{RfCl}_{4}</math> |
:<math>\, ^{242}_{94}\mathrm{Pu} + \, ^{22}_{10}\mathrm{Ne} \to \, ^{264-x}_{104}\mathrm{Rf}\to \,^{264-x}_{104}\mathrm{RfCl}_{4}</math> |
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===Chemistry=== |
===Chemistry=== |
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In an analogous manner to zirconium and hafnium, rutherfordium is projected to form a very stable, high melting point oxide, RfO<sub>2</sub>. It should also react with halogens to form tetrahalides, RfX<sub>4</sub>, which hydrolyse on contact with water to form oxyhalides RfOX<sub>2</sub>. The tetrahalides should be volatile solids existing as monomeric tetrahedral molecules in the vapour phase. |
In an analogous manner to zirconium and hafnium, rutherfordium is projected to form a very stable, high melting point oxide, RfO<sub>2</sub>. It should also react with halogens to form tetrahalides, RfX<sub>4</sub>, which hydrolyse on contact with water to form oxyhalides RfOX<sub>2</sub>. The tetrahalides should be volatile solids existing as monomeric tetrahedral molecules in the vapour phase. |
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In the aqueous phase, the Rf<sup>4+</sup> ion should hydrolyse less than titanium(IV) and to a similar extent to zirconium and hafnium, thus leading to the rutherfordyl oxyion, RfO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>. Treatment of the halides with halide ions promotes the formation of complex ions. The use of chloride and bromide ion should form the hexahalide complexes RfCl<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup> and RfBr<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup>. For the fluoride complexes, [[zirconium]] and [[hafnium]] tend to form hepta- and octa- complexes. Thus, for the larger rutherfordium ion, the complexes RfF<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup>, RfF<sub>7</sub><sup>3-</sup> and RfF<sub>8</sub><sup>4-</sup> are possible. |
In the aqueous phase, the Rf<sup>4+</sup> ion should hydrolyse less than titanium(IV) and to a similar extent to zirconium and hafnium, thus leading to the rutherfordyl oxyion, RfO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>. Treatment of the halides with halide ions promotes the formation of complex ions. The use of chloride and bromide ion should form the hexahalide complexes RfCl<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup> and RfBr<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup>. For the fluoride complexes, [[zirconium]] and [[hafnium]] tend to form hepta- and octa- complexes. Thus, for the larger rutherfordium ion, the complexes RfF<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup>, RfF<sub>7</sub><sup>3-</sup> and RfF<sub>8</sub><sup>4-</sup> are possible. |
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==Experimental chemistry== |
==Experimental chemistry== |
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<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/m87v320736564810/ "Experiments on the synthesis of neutron-deficient isotopes of kurchatovium in reactions with accelerated <sup>50</sup>Ti ions"], '''Oganesyan et al'''., ''Nucl. Phys. A.'', 1975, 36, 6. Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref> |
<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/m87v320736564810/ "Experiments on the synthesis of neutron-deficient isotopes of kurchatovium in reactions with accelerated <sup>50</sup>Ti ions"], '''Oganesyan et al'''., ''Nucl. Phys. A.'', 1975, 36, 6. Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref> |
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The reaction was further studied in 1985 by the GSI team who measured the decay properties of the isotopes <sup>257</sup>Rf and <sup>256</sup>Rf. The team were able to determine some initial spectroscopic properties of <sup>257</sup>Rf and found that the alpha decay pattern was very complicated. |
The reaction was further studied in 1985 by the GSI team who measured the decay properties of the isotopes <sup>257</sup>Rf and <sup>256</sup>Rf. The team were able to determine some initial spectroscopic properties of <sup>257</sup>Rf and found that the alpha decay pattern was very complicated. |
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<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/g721435j48022485/ "Study of evaporation residues produced in reactions of <sup>207</sup>,<sup>208</sup>Pb with <sup>50</sup>Ti"], '''Hessberger et al.''', ''Z. Physik'' ,1984, 316, 19-26. Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref> |
<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/g721435j48022485/ "Study of evaporation residues produced in reactions of <sup>207</sup>,<sup>208</sup>Pb with <sup>50</sup>Ti"], '''Hessberger et al.''', ''Z. Physik'' ,1984, 316, 19-26. Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref> |
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After an upgrade of their facilities, they repeated the reaction in 1994 with much higher sensitivity and detected some 1100 atoms of <sup>257</sup>Rf and 1900 atoms of <sup>256</sup>Rf along with <sup>255</sup>Rf in the measurement of the 1n,2n and 3n excitation functions. The large amount of decay data for <sup>257</sup>Rf allowed the detection of an isomeric level and the construction of a partial decay level structure which confirmed the very complicated alpha decay pattern. They also found evidence for an isomeric level in <sup>255</sup>Rf. |
After an upgrade of their facilities, they repeated the reaction in 1994 with much higher sensitivity and detected some 1100 atoms of <sup>257</sup>Rf and 1900 atoms of <sup>256</sup>Rf along with <sup>255</sup>Rf in the measurement of the 1n,2n and 3n excitation functions. The large amount of decay data for <sup>257</sup>Rf allowed the detection of an isomeric level and the construction of a partial decay level structure which confirmed the very complicated alpha decay pattern. They also found evidence for an isomeric level in <sup>255</sup>Rf. |
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===<sup>207</sup>Pb(<sup>50</sup>Ti,xn)<sup>257-x</sup>Rf (x=2)=== |
===<sup>207</sup>Pb(<sup>50</sup>Ti,xn)<sup>257-x</sup>Rf (x=2)=== |
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This reaction was first studied in 1974 by the team at Dubna. They measured a spontaneous fission activity assigned to <sup>255</sup>Rf. The reaction was further studied in 1985 by the GSI team who measured the decay properties of the isotope <sup>255</sup>Rf. A further spectroscopic study was reported in 2000 which led to a first decay level scheme for the isotope.<ref>[http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/epja/abs/2001/09/epja1103/epja1103.html "Decay properties of neutron-deficient isotopes <sup>256,257</sup>Db, <sup>255</sup>Rf, <sup>252,253</sup>Lr"], '''Hessberger et al.''', ''Eur. Phys. J.'', A 12, 57-67 (2001). Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref> The isomeric level proposed in 1994 was not found. In 2006, the spectroscopy was continued and the decay scheme was confirmed and improved. |
This reaction was first studied in 1974 by the team at Dubna. They measured a spontaneous fission activity assigned to <sup>255</sup>Rf. The reaction was further studied in 1985 by the GSI team who measured the decay properties of the isotope <sup>255</sup>Rf. A further spectroscopic study was reported in 2000 which led to a first decay level scheme for the isotope.<ref>[http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/epja/abs/2001/09/epja1103/epja1103.html "Decay properties of neutron-deficient isotopes <sup>256,257</sup>Db, <sup>255</sup>Rf, <sup>252,253</sup>Lr"], '''Hessberger et al.''', ''Eur. Phys. J.'', A 12, 57-67 (2001). Retrieved on [[2008-02-29]]</ref> The isomeric level proposed in 1994 was not found. In 2006, the spectroscopy was continued and the decay scheme was confirmed and improved. |
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<ref>[http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/epja/abs/2006/15/10050_2006_Article_100239/10050_2006_Article_100239.html "Alpha-gamma decay studies of <sup>255</sup>Rf, <sup>251</sup>No and <sup>247</sup>Fm"], '''Hessberger et al'''., ''Eur. Phys. J. A 30'', 561-569 (2006). Retrieved on [[2008-03-04]]</ref> |
<ref>[http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/epja/abs/2006/15/10050_2006_Article_100239/10050_2006_Article_100239.html "Alpha-gamma decay studies of <sup>255</sup>Rf, <sup>251</sup>No and <sup>247</sup>Fm"], '''Hessberger et al'''., ''Eur. Phys. J. A 30'', 561-569 (2006). Retrieved on [[2008-03-04]]</ref> |
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===<sup>206</sup>Pb(<sup>50</sup>Ti,xn)<sup>256-x</sup>Rf (x=1,2)=== |
===<sup>206</sup>Pb(<sup>50</sup>Ti,xn)<sup>256-x</sup>Rf (x=1,2)=== |
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The reaction was further studied in 2000 by Yuri Lazarev and the team at Dubna. They were able to observe 69 alpha decays from <sup>261</sup>Rf and [[spontaneous fission]] of <sup>262</sup>Rf. |
The reaction was further studied in 2000 by Yuri Lazarev and the team at Dubna. They were able to observe 69 alpha decays from <sup>261</sup>Rf and [[spontaneous fission]] of <sup>262</sup>Rf. |
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<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v62/i6/e064307 "Decay properties of <sup>257</sup>No, <sup>261</sup>Rf, and <sup>262</sup>Rf"], '''Lazarev et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. C 62'', 064307 (2000). Retrieved on [[2008-03-04]]</ref> |
<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v62/i6/e064307 "Decay properties of <sup>257</sup>No, <sup>261</sup>Rf, and <sup>262</sup>Rf"], '''Lazarev et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. C 62'', 064307 (2000). Retrieved on [[2008-03-04]]</ref> |
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Later work on [[hassium]] has allowed a reassignment of the 5n product to <sup>261m</sup>Rf. |
Later work on [[hassium]] has allowed a reassignment of the 5n product to <sup>261m</sup>Rf. |
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===<sup>242</sup>Pu(<sup>22</sup>Ne,xn)<sup>264-x</sup>Rf (x=3,4?,5?)=== |
===<sup>242</sup>Pu(<sup>22</sup>Ne,xn)<sup>264-x</sup>Rf (x=3,4?,5?)=== |
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===<sup>248</sup>Cm(<sup>16</sup>O,xn)<sup>264-x</sup>Rf (x=4)=== |
===<sup>248</sup>Cm(<sup>16</sup>O,xn)<sup>264-x</sup>Rf (x=4)=== |
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This reaction was studied in 1969 by Albert Ghiorso at the University of California. The aim was to detect the 0.1-0.3 s SF activity reported at Dubna, assigned to <sup>260</sup>104. They were unable to do so, only observing a 10-30 ms SF activity, correctly assigned to <sup>260</sup>104. The failure to observe the 0.3 s SF activity identified by Dubna gave the Americans the incentive to name this element ''rutherfordium''.<ref name=93TWG/> |
This reaction was studied in 1969 by Albert Ghiorso at the University of California. The aim was to detect the 0.1-0.3 s SF activity reported at Dubna, assigned to <sup>260</sup>104. They were unable to do so, only observing a 10-30 ms SF activity, correctly assigned to <sup>260</sup>104. The failure to observe the 0.3 s SF activity identified by Dubna gave the Americans the incentive to name this element ''rutherfordium''.<ref name=93TWG/> |
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===<sup>246</sup>Cm(<sup>18</sup>O,xn)<sup>264-x</sup>Rf=== |
===<sup>246</sup>Cm(<sup>18</sup>O,xn)<sup>264-x</sup>Rf=== |
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In an attempt to unravel the properties of [[spontaneous fission]] activities in the formation of rutherfordium isotopes, this reaction was performed in 1976 by the FLNR. They observed an 80 ms SF activity. Subsequent work led to the complete retraction of the 0.3s - 0.1s - 80 ms SF activities observed by the Dubna team and associated with background signals.<ref name=93TWG/> |
In an attempt to unravel the properties of [[spontaneous fission]] activities in the formation of rutherfordium isotopes, this reaction was performed in 1976 by the FLNR. They observed an 80 ms SF activity. Subsequent work led to the complete retraction of the 0.3s - 0.1s - 80 ms SF activities observed by the Dubna team and associated with background signals.<ref name=93TWG/> |
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===<sup>249</sup>Bk(<sup>15</sup>N,xn)<sup>264-x</sup>Rf (x=4)=== |
===<sup>249</sup>Bk(<sup>15</sup>N,xn)<sup>264-x</sup>Rf (x=4)=== |
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This reaction was studied in 1977 by the team in Dubna. They were able to confirm the detection of a 76 ms SF activity. The assignment to rutherfordium isotopes was later retracted. |
This reaction was studied in 1977 by the team in Dubna. They were able to confirm the detection of a 76 ms SF activity. The assignment to rutherfordium isotopes was later retracted. |
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The LBNL re-studied the reaction in 1980 and in 1981 they reported that they were unable to confirm the ~80 ms SF activity. The Dubna team were able to measure a 28 ms SF activity in 1985 and assigned the isotope correctly to <sup>260</sup>104.<ref name=93TWG/> |
The LBNL re-studied the reaction in 1980 and in 1981 they reported that they were unable to confirm the ~80 ms SF activity. The Dubna team were able to measure a 28 ms SF activity in 1985 and assigned the isotope correctly to <sup>260</sup>104.<ref name=93TWG/> |
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===<sup>249</sup>Cf(<sup>13</sup>C,xn)<sup>262-x</sup>Rf (x=4)=== |
===<sup>249</sup>Cf(<sup>13</sup>C,xn)<sup>262-x</sup>Rf (x=4)=== |
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This use of californium-249 as a target was first studied by Albert Ghiorso and the team at the University of California in 1969. They were able to observe a 11 ms SF activity which they correctly assigned to <sup>258</sup>104.<ref name=69Gh01/> |
This use of californium-249 as a target was first studied by Albert Ghiorso and the team at the University of California in 1969. They were able to observe a 11 ms SF activity which they correctly assigned to <sup>258</sup>104.<ref name=69Gh01/> |
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===<sup>249</sup>Cf(<sup>12</sup>C,xn)<sup>261-x</sup>Rf (x=3,4)=== |
===<sup>249</sup>Cf(<sup>12</sup>C,xn)<sup>261-x</sup>Rf (x=3,4)=== |
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===<sup>268</sup>Rf=== |
===<sup>268</sup>Rf=== |
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In the synthesis of [[ununpentium]], the isotope <sup>288</sup>115 has been observed to decay to <sup>268</sup>Db which undergoes [[spontaneous fission]] with a half life of 29 hours. Given that the [[electron capture]] of <sup>268</sup>Db cannot be detected, these SF events may in fact be due to the SF of <sup>268</sup>Rf, in which case the half-life of this isotope cannot be extracted. |
In the synthesis of [[ununpentium]], the isotope <sup>288</sup>115 has been observed to decay to <sup>268</sup>Db which undergoes [[spontaneous fission]] with a half life of 29 hours. Given that the [[electron capture]] of <sup>268</sup>Db cannot be detected, these SF events may in fact be due to the SF of <sup>268</sup>Rf, in which case the half-life of this isotope cannot be extracted. |
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<ref name=E115ref/> |
<ref name=E115ref/> |
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===<sup>266</sup>Rf=== |
===<sup>266</sup>Rf=== |
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==Retracted isotopes== |
==Retracted isotopes== |
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===<sup>265</sup>Rf=== |
===<sup>265</sup>Rf=== |
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In 1999, American scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, announced that they has succeeded in synthesizing three atoms of <sup>293</sup>118. These parent nuclei successively emitted seven alpha particles to form <sup>265</sup>Rf nuclei. Their claim was retracted in 2001. As such, this rutherfordium isotope is unconfirmed or unknown.<ref>see [[ununoctium]]</ref> |
In 1999, American scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, announced that they has succeeded in synthesizing three atoms of <sup>293</sup>118. These parent nuclei successively emitted seven alpha particles to form <sup>265</sup>Rf nuclei. Their claim was retracted in 2001. As such, this rutherfordium isotope is unconfirmed or unknown.<ref>see [[ununoctium]]</ref> |
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===<sup>255m</sup>Rf=== |
===<sup>255m</sup>Rf=== |
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{{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} |
{{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}} |
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[[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] |
[[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] |
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[[Kategori:Logam transisi]] |
[[Kategori:Logam transisi]] |
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[[Kategori:Èlemèn sintètis]] |
[[Kategori:Èlemèn sintètis]] |
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Révisi kala 29 Fèbruari 2016 13.16
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| Katrangan Umum Unsur | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Jeneng, Lambang, Nomer atom | rutherfordium, Rf, 104 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dhèrèt kimia | logam transisi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Golongan, Période, Blok | 4, 7, d | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Massa atom | [267] g/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Konfigurasi elektron | [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cacahing èlèktron saben kulit | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ciri-ciri fisik | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fase | presumably a padhet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Massa jenis (watara suhu kamar) | ora dimangertèni g/cm³ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ciri-ciri atom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Struktur kristal | ora dimangertèni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bilangan oksidasi | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Energi ionisasi | pertama: ora dimangertèni kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jari-jari atom (terhitung) | ora dimangertèni pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jari-jari kovalen | ora dimangertèni pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lain-lain | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nomor CAS | 53850-36-5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Referensi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rutherfordium (uniné /ˌrʌðɚˈfɔrdiəm/) iku sawijining unsur kimia jroning Tabel périodik kanthi simbul Rf lan nomer atom 104.
Sintesis isotop minangka produk turunan (decay)
| Sisa/residu Evaporasi | Isotop Rf kang katon |
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| 288115 | 268Rf (manawa EC saka 268Db) |
| 291116 , 287114 , 283112 | 267Rf |
| 282113 | 266Rf (EC of 266Db) |
| 271Hs | 263gRf |
| 263Db | 263mRf (EC of 263Db) |
| 266Sg (possibly 266mSg) | 262Rf (possibly 262mRf) |
| 277112 , 273Ds , 269Hs , 265Sg | 261mRf , 261Rf |
| 271Ds , 267Hs , 263Sg | 259Rf |
| 269Ds , 265Hs , 261Sg | 257Rf |
| 264Hs , 260Sg | 256Rf |
| 259Sg | 255Rf |
Kronologi temon isotop
| Isotop | Taun ditemokaké | reaksi |
|---|---|---|
| 253Rf | 1994 | 204Pb(50Ti,n) [1] |
| 254Rf | 1994 | 206Pb(50Ti,2n) [1] |
| 255Rf | 1974? 1985 | 207Pb(50Ti,2n) |
| 256Rf | 1974? 1985 | 208Pb(50Ti,2n) |
| 257Rfg,m | 1969 | 249Cf(12C,4n) [2] |
| 258Rf | 1969 | 249Cf(13C,4n) [2] |
| 259Rf | 1969 | 249Cf(13C,3n) [2] |
| 260Rf | 1969 | 248Cm(16O,4n) |
| 261Rfm | 1970 | 248Cm(18O,5n) [3] |
| 261Rfg | 1996 | 208Pb(70Zn,n) [4] |
| 262Rf | 1996 | 244Pu(22Ne,4n) [5] |
| 263Rfm | 1990? | 248Cm(18O,3n) |
| 263Rfg | 2004 | 248Cm(26Mg,3n) [6] |
| 264Rf | unknown | |
| 265Rf | unknown | |
| 266Rf | 2006? | 237Np(48Ca,3n) [7] |
| 267Rf | 2003/2004 | 238U(48Ca,3n) [4] |
| 268Rf | 2003? | 243Am(48Ca,3n) [8] |
Kasil kimia saka isotop
Fusi adhem
| Proyektil | Target | CN | 1n | 2n | 3n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50Ti | 208Pb | 258Rf | 38.0 nb , 17.0 MeV | 12.3 nb , 21.5 MeV | 660 pb , 29.0 MeV |
| 50Ti | 207Pb | 257Rf | 4.8 nb | ||
| 50Ti | 206Pb | 256Rf | 800 pb , 21.5 MeV | 2.4 nb , 21.5 MeV | |
| 50Ti | 204Pb | 254Rf | 190 pb , 15.6 MeV | ||
| 48Ti | 208Pb | 256Rf | 380 pb , 17.0 MeV |
Fusi panas
| Proyektil | Target | CN | 3n | 4n | 5n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 26Mg | 238U | 264Rf | 240 pb | 1.1 nb | |
| 22Ne | 244Pu | 266Rf | + | 4.0 nb | |
| 18O | 248Cm | 266Rf | + | 13.0 nb |
Rujukan
- ↑ a b Masalah sitiran: Tenger
<ref>ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng97He01 - ↑ a b c Masalah sitiran: Tenger
<ref>ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng69Gh01 - ↑ Masalah sitiran: Tenger
<ref>ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng70Gh01 - ↑ a b see ununbium
- ↑ Masalah sitiran: Tenger
<ref>ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng96La01 - ↑ see hassium
- ↑ see ununtrium
- ↑ see ununpentium
Pranala njaba
| Golongan → | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | ||
| Période ↓ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 H |
2 He |
||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 3 Li |
4 Be |
5 B |
6 C |
7 N |
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne |
||||||||||||
| 3 | 11 Na |
12 Mg |
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar |
||||||||||||
| 4 | 19 K |
20 Ca |
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
28 Ni |
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
36 Kr |
||
| 5 | 37 Rb |
38 Sr |
39 Y |
40 Zr |
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
49 In |
50 Sn |
51 Sb |
52 Te |
53 I |
54 Xe |
||
| 6 | 55 Cs |
56 Ba |
* |
71 Lu |
72 Hf |
73 Ta |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
78 Pt |
79 Au |
80 Hg |
81 Tl |
82 Pb |
83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
86 Rn |
|
| 7 | 87 Fr |
88 Ra |
** |
103 Lr |
104 Rf |
105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
108 Hs |
109 Mt |
110 Ds |
111 Rg |
112 Cn |
113 Nh |
114 Fl |
115 Mc |
116 Lv |
117 Ts |
118 Og |
|
| * Lantanida | 57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb |
||||||
| ** Aktinida | 89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
||||||
| Logam alkali | Alkali tanah | Lantanida | Aktinida | Logam transisi |
| Logam | Metaloid | Nonlogam | Halogen | Gas mulia |
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