Deleng sumberé Indhèks Pamegaran Manungsa

[[File:2019 UN Human Development Report (inequality-adjusted).svg|thumb|World map representing the inequality-adjusted Human Development Index categories (based on 2018 data, published in 2019).<ref name="UNDP2019">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2019_overview_-_english.pdf |title= Human Development Report 2019 – "Human Development Indices and Indicators"|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|pages=22–25 |accessdate=9 December 2019}}</ref>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; background:none;"
|-
|valign="top"|
{{Legend|#003135|0.800–1.000 (very high)}}
{{Legend|#00726a|0.700–0.799 (high)}}
{{Legend|#00bfac|0.550–0.699 (medium)}}
|valign="top"|
{{Legend|#ace8d4|0.350–0.549 (low)}}
{{Legend|#a0a0a0|Data unavailable}}
|}|430px]]
'''Indèks Pangyasa Manungsa''' (IPM) / '''Human Development Index''' ('''HDI''') iku pangukuran perbandingan saka [[pangarep-arep urip]] (harapan hidup), [[melèk aksara]], [[pendhidhikan]] lan [[baku urip]] tumrap kabèh nagara saindenging donya. IPM kanggo klasifikasi apa sawiji nagara minangka [[nagara maju]], [[nagara tumuwuh]] utawa [[nagara kari]] lan uga kanggo ngukur prabawa saka kawicaksanan ékonomi marang kualitas urip.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.business.duq.edu/faculty/davies/research/hdi.pdf |title=Davies, A. and G. Quinlivan (2006), A Panel Data Analysis of the Impact of Trade on Human Development, Journal of Socioeconomics |access-date=2011-09-26 |archive-date=2008-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413203311/http://www.business.duq.edu/faculty/davies/research/hdi.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Sajarah ==
Indèks iki ing taun 1990 dikembangaké déning pamenang nobel India [[Amartya Sen]] lan ékonom Pakistan [[Mahbub ul Haq]], sarta dibantu déning [[Gustav Ranis]] saka [[Yale University]] lan [[Lord Meghnad Desai]] saka [[London School of Economics]]. Wiwit dina iku indèks iki dianggo déning Program pangyasa [[PBB]] sajeroning lapuran IPM tahunané.

Amartya Sen nggambaraké indèks iki minangka "pangukuran vulgar" amarga watesané. Indèks iki luwih fokus marang bab-bab sing luwih sènsitif lan migunani tinimbamng mung saukur pametu perkapita sing salawasé iki dianggo. Indèks iki uga migunani minangka kreteg tumrap paneliti sing serius kanggo meruhi bab-bab sing luwih rinci sajeroning lapuran pangyasa manungsa.

IPM ngukur pencapaian rata-rata sawiji nagara sajeroning 3 dimènsi dhasar pangyasa manungsa:
* urip sing séhat lan dawa umuré, sing diukur nganggo [[pangarep-arep urip]] nalika lair
* Kawruh sing diukur nganggo angka [[tingkat waca tulis]] ing wong diwasa (boboté rong protelon) lan kombinasi pendhidhikan dhasar, menengah, dhuwur [[gross enrollment ratio]] (bobot sakprotelon).
* standard kauripan sing layak diukur nganggo logaritma natural saka [[prodhuk dhomèstik bruto]] per kapita ing paritasi daya beli.

Saben taun [[Pratélan nagara miturut IPM]] diumumaké miturut panilaian ing dhuwur. Pangukuran alternatif liya ya iku [[Indèks Kemiskinan Manungsa]] sing luwih fokus marang kemiskinan.

== Metodhologi ==
[[Gambar:Human Development Index trends.svg|thumb|right|280px|trend IPM antara 1975 dan 2004
{| width=100%
|-
| valign=top |
{{legend|black|[[OECD]]}}
{{legend|red|[[Éropa]] lan [[Persemakmuran Nagara Merdeka|CIS]]}}
{{legend|Orange|[[Amérika Latin]] lan [[Karibia]]}}
{{legend|Yellow|[[Asia Wétan]]}}
| valign=top |
{{legend|Green|[[Nagara Arab]]}}
{{legend|Blue|[[Asia Kidul]]}}
{{legend|violet|[[Afrika Sub-Sahara]]}}
|}]]

Lumrahé kanggo ngowahi sawijining [[variabel]] awal, umpamané <math>x</math>, tumrap sawiji [[Indèks (ékonomi)|index]] bébas antara 0 lan 1 (sing ngéntukaké indèks sing béda kanggo ditambahaké minangka siji kesatuan), formula sing dianggo ya iku:

* <math>x</math>-index = <math>\frac{x - \min\left(x\right)} {\max\left(x\right)-\min\left(x\right)}</math>

ing ngendi <math>\min\left(x\right)</math> lan <math>\max\left(x\right)</math> wujud variabel [[maximum lan minimum|angka maksimum lan minimum]] <math>x</math>sing bisa diasilaké.

IPM nggambaraké telu indhikator umum:

* Indèks Pangarep-arep Urip = <math>\frac{LE - 25} {85-25}</math>
* Indèks Pendhidhikan = <math>\frac{2} {3} \times ALI + \frac{1} {3} \times GER</math>
** Angka melèk aksara diwasa (ALI) = <math>\frac{ALR - 0} {100 - 0}</math>
** [[Gross Enrollment Ratio]] (GER) = <math>\frac{CGER - 0} {100 - 0}</math>
* Indèks PDB = <math>\frac{\log\left(GDPpc\right) - \log\left(100\right)} {\log\left(40000\right) - \log\left(100\right)}</math>

<small>LE: Angka pangarep-arep urip

ALR: Angka melèk aksara

CGER: ''Combined gross enrollment ratio''

GDPpc: PDB perkapita miturut [[Paritas daya beli|PPP]] sajeroning USD</small>

UNDP wis nyiptakaké cathetan tèknis pangitungan IPM (pirsani pranala ing ngisor).

== Indonésia ==
Angka IPM Indonésia<ref>http://hdr.undp.org/en/médhia/HDI2008Tables.xls</ref><ref>http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/81.html</ref>

# taun 1980 = 0,522
# taun 1985 = 0,562
# taun 1990 = 0,624
# taun 1995 = 0,658
# taun 2000 = 0,673
# taun 2003 = 0,709
# taun 2004 = 0,714
# taun 2005 = 0,723
# taun 2006 = 0,729
# taun 2007 = 0,734
 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	 
cathetan: Tanggal 18 December 2008 diluncuraké sistem pangitungan anyar marang IPM kanthi nglebokaké GDP PPP sing anyar. Bab iki duwé akibat marang owahing angka IPM saben nagara lan rangkingnya ing donya. Miturut pratélan sing anyar, IPM indonésia ing taun 2007 ya iku = 0,734 <ref>http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/87.html</ref>

== Lapuran 2006 ==

Lapuran iki diumumaké ing [[Cape Town]], [[Afrika Kidul]] tanggal [[9 November]] [[2006]].<ref>http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/</ref>

=== 30 paling dhuwur IPM (0.965 nganti 0.885) ===
{{col|3}}
# {{NOR}} 0.965 ({{steady}})
# {{ISL}} 0.960 ({{steady}})
# {{AUS}} 0.957 ({{steady}})
# {{IRL}} 0.956 ({{increase}} 4)
# {{SWE}} 0.951 ({{increase}} 1)
# {{CAN}} 0.950 ({{decrease}} 1)
# {{JPN}} 0.949 ({{increase}} 4)
# {{USA}} 0.948 ({{increase}} 2)
# {{NLD}} 0.947 ({{increase}} 2)
# {{SUI}} 0.947 ({{steady}})
## {{FIN}} 0.947 ({{increase}} 2)
## {{LUX}} 0.945 ({{decrease}} 8)
## {{BEL}} 0.945 ({{decrease}} 4)
## {{AUT}} 0.944 ({{increase}} 3)
## {{DEN}} 0.943 ({{decrease}} 1)
## {{UK}} 0.942 ({{increase}} 1)
## {{FRA}} 0.940 ({{decrease}} 1)
## {{ITA}} 0.940 ({{decrease}} 3)
## {{ESP}} 0.938 ({{increase}} 2)
## {{NZL}} 0.936 ({{decrease}} 1)
## {{GER}} 0.932 ({{decrease}} 1)
## {{HKG}} 0.927 ({{steady}})
## {{BIH}} 0.927 ({{steady}})
## {{GRC}} 0.921 ({{steady}})
## {{SIN}} 0.916 ({{steady}})
## {{KOR}} 0.912 ({{increase}} 2)
## {{SVN}} 0.910 ({{decrease}} 1)
## {{LBY}} 0.904 ({{decrease}} 1)
## {{ISR}} 0.903 ({{steady}})
## {{POR}} 0.885 ({{increase}} 1)
{{end-col}}

=== 3 gedhé dhéwé / 3 paling cilik per wewengkon ===

{| cellpadding=8 cellspacing=0
|-
| '''[[Afrika]]'''<br />
047. {{flagcountry|SEY}} 0.842 ({{increase}} 4)<br />
063. {{flagcountry|MRI}} 0.800 ({{increase}} 2)<br />
064. {{flagcountry|LBA}} 0.798 ({{decrease}} 6)<br />
...<br />
175. {{flagcountry|MLI}} 0.338 ({{decrease}} 1)<br />
176. {{flagcountry|SLE}} 0.335 ({{steady}})<br />
177. {{flagcountry|NIG}} 0.311 ({{steady}})
| '''[[Asia]]'''<br />
007. {{flagcountry|JPN}} 0.949 ({{increase}} 4)<br />
022. {{flagcountry|HKG}} 0.927 ({{steady}})<br />
023. {{flagcountry|ISR}} 0.927 ({{steady}})<br />
...<br />
138. {{flagcountry|NEP}} 0.527 ({{decrease}} 2)<br />
142. {{flagcountry|TLS}} 0.512 ({{decrease}} 2)<br />
150. {{flagcountry|YEM}} 0.492 ({{increase}} 1)
| '''[[Éropa]]'''<br />
001. {{flagcountry|NOR}} 0.965 ({{steady}})<br />
002. {{flagcountry|ISL}} 0.960 ({{steady}})<br />
004. {{flagcountry|IRL}} 0.956 ({{increase}} 4)<br />
...<br />
097. {{flagcountry|GEO}} 0.743 ({{increase}} 3)<br />
099. {{flagcountry|AZE}} 0.736 ({{increase}} 2)<br />
114. {{flagcountry|MDA}} 0.694 ({{increase}} 1)
|-
| '''[[Amérika Lor]]'''<br />
006. {{flagcountry|CAN}} 0.950 ({{increase}} 1)<br />
008. {{flagcountry|USA}} 0.948 ({{increase}} 2)<br />
031. {{flagcountry|BAR}} 0.879 ({{decrease}} 1)<br />
...<br />
117. {{flagcountry|HON}} 0.683 ({{decrease}} 1)<br />
118. {{flagcountry|GUA}} 0.673 ({{decrease}} 1)<br />
154. {{flagcountry|HAI}} 0.482 ({{decrease}} 1)
| '''[[Oséania]]'''<br />
003. {{flagcountry|AUS}} 0.957 ({{steady}})<br />
020. {{flagcountry|NZL}} 0.936 ({{decrease}} 1)<br />
055. {{flagcountry|TGA}} 0.815 ({{decrease}} 1)<br />
...<br />
119. {{flagcountry|VAN}} 0.670 ({{decrease}} 1)<br />
128. {{flagcountry|SOL}} 0.592 ({{steady}})<br />
139. {{flagcountry|PNG}} 0.523 ({{decrease}} 2)
| '''[[Amérika Kidul]]'''<br />
036. {{flagcountry|ARG}} 0.863 ({{decrease}} 2)<br />
038. {{flagcountry|CHI}} 0.859 ({{decrease}} 1)<br />
043. {{flagcountry|URU}} 0.851 ({{increase}} 3)<br />
...<br />
091. {{flagcountry|PAR}} 0.757 ({{decrease}} 3)<br />
103. {{flagcountry|GUY}} 0.725 ({{increase}} 4)<br />
115. {{flagcountry|BOL}} 0.692 ({{decrease}} 2)
|}

=== Nagara sing ora kalebu pétungan ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''[[Afrika]]'''
* {{flagcountry|LBR}}
* {{flagcountry|SOM}}
* {{flagcountry|ESH}}
{{col-break}}
'''[[Asia]]'''
* {{flagcountry|AFG}}
* {{flagcountry|IRQ}}
* {{flagcountry|MAC}}<ref name="Taiwan">Pirsani [[Pratélan nagara miturut Indèks Pangyasa Manungsa#endnote 2|pratélan nagara miturut IPM]].<br /></ref>
* {{flagcountry|PRK}}
* {{flagcountry|TWN}}<ref name="Taiwan"/>
{{col-break}}
'''[[Éropa]]'''
* {{flagcountry|AND}}
* {{flagcountry|LIE}}
* {{flagcountry|MON}}
* {{flagcountry|MNE}}
* {{flagcountry|SMR}}
* {{flagcountry|SRB}}
* {{flagcountry|VAT}}
{{col-break}}
'''[[Oseania]]'''
* {{flagcountry|KIR}}
* {{flagcountry|MHL}}
* {{flagcountry|MIC}}
* {{flagcountry|NRU}}
* {{flagcountry|PLW}}
* {{flagcountry|TUV}}
{{col-end}}

== Para juwara kapungkur ==

Nagara-nagara kanthi IPM nomer siji ing pratélan taun-taun kapungkur.

{{col|4}}
* [[2006]]-{{flagcountry|Norway}}
* [[2005]]-{{flagcountry|Norway}}
* [[2004]]-{{flagcountry|Norway}}
* [[2003]]-{{flagcountry|Norway}}
* [[2002]]-{{flagcountry|Norway}}
* [[2001]]-{{flagcountry|Norway}}
* [[2000]]-{{flagcountry|Canada}}
* [[1999]]-{{flagcountry|Canada}}
* [[1998]]-{{flagcountry|Canada}}
* [[1997]]-{{flagcountry|Canada}}
* [[1996]]-{{flagcountry|Canada}}
* [[1995]]-{{flagcountry|Canada}}
* [[1994]]-{{flagcountry|Canada}}
* [[1993]]-{{flagcountry|Japan}}
* [[1992]]-{{flagcountry|Canada}}
* [[1991]]-{{flagcountry|Japan}}
* [[1990]]-{{flagcountry|Canada}}
* [[1985]]-{{flagcountry|Canada}}
* [[1980]]-{{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
{{end-col}}

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Pratélan nagara miturut Indèks Pangyasa Manungsa]]
* [[Pratélan provinsi Indonésia miturut Indèks Pangyasa Manungsa]]
* [[Freedom House]]
* [[Nagara donya katelu]]
* [[Nagara maju]]<!-- 
* [[First World]]
* [[Gini coefficient]]
* [[Gender-related Development Index]]
* [[Gender Empowerment Measure]]
* [[Gross national happiness]]
* [[Happy Planet Index]]
* [[Human Poverty Index]]
* [[Least Developed Countries|Fourth World]]
* [[Physical quality-of-life index]]
* [[Second World]]
* [[Visa Waiver Program]] -->

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{PDFlink|[http://hdr.undp.org/en/médhia/HDR_2009_EN_Summary.pdf 2009 UNDP Human Development Report]|0.739&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 739000 bytes -->}}
* [http://hdr.undp.org/ Human Development Report Office]
* {{PDFlink|[http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf 2006 UN Human Development Index Report]|7.88&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 8271408 bytes -->}}
* {{PDFlink|[http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf 2005 UN Human Development Index Report]|1.31&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 1376150 bytes -->}}
* {{PDFlink|[http://hdr.undp.org/docs/statistics/indices/technote_1.pdf Technical note explaining the definition of the HDI]|598&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 613035 bytes -->}}
* [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T List of countries by HDI at NationMaster.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305115828/http://nationmaster.com/graph-T |date=2009-03-05 }}

[[Kategori:Ilmu sosial]]
[[Kategori:Ékonomi]]
[[Kategori:Indèks]]
[[Kategori:Pratélan nagara]]