Kalsium klorida

Calcium chloride
	Gambar
	Jeneng IUPAC Calcium chloride
	Jeneng liya Neutral calcium chloride; calcium(II) chloride, calcium dichloride, E509
Identifikasi
Nomor CAS	[10043-52-4]
PubChem	24854
ChEBI	CHEBI:3312
Nomer RTECS	EV9800000
SMILES	Cl[Ca]Cl
InChI	1/Ca.2ClH/h;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2
Sifat
Rumus kimia	CaCl2
Massa molar	110.98 g mol−1
Panampilan	White powder, hygroscopic
Ambu	Odorless
Densitas	2.15 g/cm3 (anhydrous); 2.24 g/cm3 (monohydrate); 1.85 g/cm3 (dihydrate); 1.83 g/cm3 (tetrahydrate); 1.71 g/cm3 (hexahydrate);
Titik leleh	772–775 °C, Masalah pitembungan: Karakter tandha waca "–" ora dingertèni. K, Masalah pitembungan: Karakter tandha waca "–" ora dingertèni. °F
Titik umob	1935 °C, 2208 K, 3515 °F
Kelarutan dalam air	Anhydrous: ; 74.5 g/100 mL (20 °C); Hexahydrate:; 49.4 g/100 mL (−25 °C); 59.5 g/100 mL (0 °C); 65 g/100 mL (10 °C); 81.1 g/100 mL (25 °C); 102.2 g/100 mL (30.2 °C); α-Tetrahydrate:; 90.8 g/100 mL (20 °C); 114.4 g/100 mL (40 °C); Dihydrate:; 134.5 g/100 mL (60 °C); 152.4 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Kelarutan	Soluble in CH3COOH, alcohols; Insoluble in liquid NH3, DMSO, CH3COOC2H5;
Kelarutan dalam ethanol	18.3 g/100 g (0 °C); 25.8 g/100 g (20 °C); 35.3 g/100 g (40 °C); 56.2 g/100 g (70 °C);
Kelarutan dalam methanol	21.8 g/100 g (0 °C); 29.2 g/100 g (20 °C); 38.5 g/100 g (40 °C);
Kelarutan dalam acetone	0.1 g/kg (20 °C)
Kelarutan dalam pyridine	16.6 g/kg
Kaasaman (pKa)	8–9 (anhydrous); 6.5–8.0 (hexahydrate);
Viskositas	3.34 cP (787 °C); 1.44 cP (967 °C);
Struktur
Struktur kristal	Orthorhombic (rutile, anhydrous), oP6; Tetragonal (anhydrous, > 217 °C), oP6; Trigonal (hexahydrate);
Grup ruwang	Pnnm, No. 58 (anhydrous); P42/mnm, No. 136 (anhydrous, >217 °C);
	Octahedral (Ca2+, anhydrous)
Termokimia
Entalpi; pambentukan; standar (ΔfHo298)	−795.42 kJ/mol (anhydrous); −1110.98 kJ/mol (monohydrate); −1403.98 kJ/mol (dihydrate); −2009.99 kJ/mol (tetrahydrate); −2608.01 kJ/mol (hexahydrate);
Entropi molar; standar So298	108.4 J/mol·K
Kapasitas panas, C	{{{HeactCapacity}}}
Bahaya
Bebaya utama	Irritant
NFPA 704	0 2 1
Senyawa kagandhèng
Anion liyané	Calcium fluoride; Calcium bromide; Calcium iodide;
Kation liyané	Beryllium chloride; Magnesium chloride; Strontium chloride; Barium chloride; Radium chloride;
	Kejaba ditélakaké suwaliké, data ing ndhuwur kanggo; ing suhu lan tekanan standar (25°C, 100 kPa); Sangkalan lan referensi

Cithakan:Chembox MagSus Cithakan:Chembox RefractIndex Cithakan:Chembox LattConst Cithakan:Chembox LattConst Angle| Géomètri
koordinasi Cithakan:Chembox Pharmacology Cithakan:Chembox LD50

Kalsium klorida minangka senyawa anorganik, uyah kanthi rumus kimia CaCl₂. Iki minangka kristal putih padhet ing suhu ruangan, lan larut ing banyu. Bisa digawé kanthi netralaké asem klorida karo kalsium hidroksida. Kalsium klorida umumé ditemokaké minangka padatan kahidrasi kanthi formula umum CaCl₂ (H ₂ O) _x, ing endi x = 0, 1, 2, 4, lan 6. Senyawa kasebut umumé digunakaké kanggo ngilangi salju lan kontrol bledug. Amarga uyah anhidrat higroskopis, mula digunakaké minangka bahan panggaring.^[8]

Preparasi kalsium klorida

Ing pirang-pirang jagad, kalsium klorida asalé saka watu gamping minangka prodhuk sampingan saka proses Solvay, sing ngetutaké reaksi net ing ngisor iki: ^[9]

2 NaCl + CaCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + CaCl₂

Konsumsi Amerika Utara ing taun 2002 yaiku 1.529.000 ton (3,37 milyar pon). ^[10]

Guna kalsium klorida

Ngilangi ès lan mudhunaké titik beku

Kanthi nyuda titik pembekuan banyu, kalsium klorida digunakaké kanggo nyegah pembentukan es lan digunakaké kanggo ngilangi salju. Pangaplikasian iki nggunakaké kalsium klorida paling gedhé. Kalsium klorida relatif ora mbebayani tumrap tanduran lan lemah. Minangka agen pangurus, luwih èfèktif ing suhu sing luwih asor tinimbang natrium klorida. Yèn disebar kanggo panggunaan iki, umumé bentuk bal cilik putih kanthi dhiamèter sawetara milimèter, diarani prills. Solusi kalsium klorida bisa nyegah pembekuan ing suhu paling cendhek−52 ° C (−62 ° F), saéngga bisa ngisi ban lan pangolah pertanian minangka cairan pangabot, bisa nulungi nalika hawa adhem. ^[11] Iki uga digunakaké ing dehumidifier udara kimia domestik lan industri.^[12]

Permukaan dalan

Aplikasi kalsium klorida kaloro paling gedhé digunakaké ing eksploitasi higroskopis lan kekuwatan hidrat, Kalsium klorida sipaté higroskopis lan hidrasi minangka reaksi eksotermik. Solusi konsentrat njaga lapisan cair ing permukaan dalan sing reget, sing nyegah pembentukan bledug. Iki njaga partikel bledug sing luwih apik ing dalan, nyedhiyakaké lapisan bantalan. Yen wis ditokné, agregat gedhé wiwit ganti lan dalané rusak. Nggunakaké kalsium klorida nyuda kebutuhan kanggo biji nganti 50% lan kebutuhan kanggo ngisi bahan nganti 80%. ^[13]

Panganan

Asupan rata-rata kalsium klorida minangka aditif panganan kira-kira 160-345 mg / dina. ^[14] Kalsium klorida diijinaké dadi tambahan pangan ing Uni Eropa kanggo nggunakaké minangka agen panguwat karo nomer E E509. Iki dianggep umum dikenal minangka aman (GRAS) dening Administrasi Pangan lan Narkoba AS. ^[15] Panggunaané ing produksi panén organik umumé dilarang miturut Program Organik Nasional AS. ^[16] Minangka agen penguat, kalsium klorida digunakaké ing sayuran kaleng, kanggo nambah kari kedele dadi tahu lan ngasilaké gantiné kaviar saka jus sayuran utawa buah . ^[17] Biasané digunakaké minangka elektrolit ing ombèn-ombèn nalika olahraga lan omben-omben liyané, kalebu banyu kemasan. Rasa kalsium klorida asin sing asin banget digunakaké kanggo gawé acar tanpa nambah kadar natrium img panganan. Properti depresi titik kalsium klorida digunakaké kanggo nyuda pambekuan karamel ing batang coklat sing ana karamelé. Kajaba iku, asring ditambahaké ing irisan apel kanggo njaga tekstur.

Operasional laboratorium lan panggaringan liyané

Tabung pangeringan asring dikemas kalsium klorida. Kelp bisa dikeringaké karo kalsium klorida kanggo digunakaké nalika ngasilaké natrium karbonat. Kalsium klorida anhidrat wis disetujoni dening FDA minangka alat kemasan kanggo njaga kekeringan (CPG 7117.02). ^[18]

Guna liyané

Kalsium klorida digunakaké ing campuran beton kanggo nyepetaké setelan awal, nanging ion klorida nyebabaké korosi rebar baja, mula ora digunakaké ing beton bertulang. ^[19] Wangun kalsium klorida anhidrat uga bisa digunakaké kanggo tujuan iki lan bisa mènèhi ukuran kelembapan ing beton. ^[20]

Bahaya saka kalsium klorida

Senajan ora beracun ing jumlah cilik nalika udan, banget higroskopis sifat saiki uyah ora kehidrasi sawetara bebaya. Kalsium klorida bisa dadi bahan iritasi kanthi ngilangi kulit lembab. Kalsium klorida padat larut kanthi eksotermis, lan luka bakar bisa nyebabaké cangkem lan esofagus yen diolu. Ingestasi solusi konsentrasi utawa prodhuk padhet bisa nyebabaké iritasi gastrointestinal utawa ulkus. ^[21] Konsumsi kalsium klorida bisa nyebabaké hiperkalskemia.^[22]

Paripustaka

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cithakan:CRC90
↑ "Calcium chloride (anhydrous)". ICSC. International Programme on Chemical Safety and the European Commission.
↑ Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (édhisi ka-2nd). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. kc. 196.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "Properties of substance: calcium chloride". chemister.ru. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2015-06-24. Dibukak ing 2014-07-07.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Müller, Ulrich (2006). Inorganic Structural Chemistry. wiley.com (édhisi ka-2nd). England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. kc. 33. ISBN 978-0-470-01864-4.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng pphoic
↑ Donald E. Garrett (2004). Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium Chloride. kc. 379. ISBN 978-0080472904. Dibukak ing 2018-08-29. Its toxicity upon ingestion, is indicated by the test on rats: oral LD50 (rat) is 1.0–1.4 g/kg (the lethal dose for half of the test animals, in this case rats...)
↑ Robert Kemp, Suzanne E. Keegan "Calcium Chloride" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_547
↑ Robert Kemp, Suzanne E. Keegan "Calcium Chloride" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_547
↑ Calcium Chloride SIDS Initial Assessment Profile, UNEP Publications, SIAM 15, Boston, 22–25 October 2002, page 11.
↑ "Binary Phase diagram: The Calcium Chloride – water system". Aqueous Solutions Aps. October 2016. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-06-26. Dibukak ing 2017-04-20.
↑ "humantouchofchemistry.com Keeping Things Dry". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 26 October 2014. Dibukak ing 2014-10-23.
↑ "Dust: Don't Eat It! Control It!". Road Management & Engineering Journal. US Roads (TranSafety Inc.). 1 June 1998. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 29 October 2007. Dibukak ing 9 August 2006.
↑ Calcium Chloride SIDS Initial Assessment Profile, UNEP Publications, SIAM 15, Boston, 22–25 October 2002, pp. 13–14.
↑ 21 CFR § 184.1193
↑ 7 CFR § 205.602
↑ "Apple Caviar Technique". StarChefs Studio. StarChefs.com. April 2004. Dibukak ing 9 August 2006.
↑ "CPG 7117.02". FDA Compliance Articles. US Food and Drug Administration. March 1995. Dibukak ing 3 December 2007.
↑ "Accelerating Concrete Set Time". Federal Highway Administration. 1 June 1999. Dibukak ing 16 January 2007.
↑ National Research Council (U.S.). Building Research Institute (1962). Adhesives in Building: Selection and Field Application; Pressure-sensitive Tapes. National Academy of Science-National Research Council. kc. 24–5.
↑ "Product Safety Assessment (PSA): Calcium Chloride". Dow Chemical Company. 2 May 2006. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 17 September 2009. Dibukak ing 22 July 2008.
↑ "Calcium Chloride Possible Side Affects".

[crc-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cithakan:CRC90

[ISCS-2] "Calcium chloride (anhydrous)". ICSC. International Programme on Chemical Safety and the European Commission.

[sioc-3] Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (édhisi ka-2nd). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. kc. 196.

[chemister-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "Properties of substance: calcium chloride". chemister.ru. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2015-06-24. Dibukak ing 2014-07-07.

[isc-5] Müller, Ulrich (2006). Inorganic Structural Chemistry. wiley.com (édhisi ka-2nd). England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. kc. 33. ISBN 978-0-470-01864-4.

[pphoic-6] Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng pphoic

[natcc-7] Donald E. Garrett (2004). Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium Chloride. kc. 379. ISBN 978-0080472904. Dibukak ing 2018-08-29. Its toxicity upon ingestion, is indicated by the test on rats: oral LD50 (rat) is 1.0–1.4 g/kg (the lethal dose for half of the test animals, in this case rats...)

[Ullmann-8] Robert Kemp, Suzanne E. Keegan "Calcium Chloride" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_547

[Ullmann2-9] Robert Kemp, Suzanne E. Keegan "Calcium Chloride" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_547

[10] Calcium Chloride SIDS Initial Assessment Profile, UNEP Publications, SIAM 15, Boston, 22–25 October 2002, page 11.

[11] "Binary Phase diagram: The Calcium Chloride – water system". Aqueous Solutions Aps. October 2016. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-06-26. Dibukak ing 2017-04-20.

[12] "humantouchofchemistry.com Keeping Things Dry". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 26 October 2014. Dibukak ing 2014-10-23.

[13] "Dust: Don't Eat It! Control It!". Road Management & Engineering Journal. US Roads (TranSafety Inc.). 1 June 1998. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 29 October 2007. Dibukak ing 9 August 2006.

[14] Calcium Chloride SIDS Initial Assessment Profile, UNEP Publications, SIAM 15, Boston, 22–25 October 2002, pp. 13–14.

[15] 21 CFR § 184.1193

[CFRTitle7Part205Section602c-16] 7 CFR § 205.602

[17] "Apple Caviar Technique". StarChefs Studio. StarChefs.com. April 2004. Dibukak ing 9 August 2006.

[18] "CPG 7117.02". FDA Compliance Articles. US Food and Drug Administration. March 1995. Dibukak ing 3 December 2007.

[19] "Accelerating Concrete Set Time". Federal Highway Administration. 1 June 1999. Dibukak ing 16 January 2007.

[20] National Research Council (U.S.). Building Research Institute (1962). Adhesives in Building: Selection and Field Application; Pressure-sensitive Tapes. National Academy of Science-National Research Council. kc. 24–5.

[21] "Product Safety Assessment (PSA): Calcium Chloride". Dow Chemical Company. 2 May 2006. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 17 September 2009. Dibukak ing 22 July 2008.

[22] "Calcium Chloride Possible Side Affects".

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