On the Origin of Species

On the Origin of Species
by Means of Natural Selection

Kaca irah-irahan of On the Origin of Species terbitan taun 1859
Panganggit	Charles Darwin
Nagara	Karajan Manunggal Britania Raya
Basa	Inggris
Subyèk	téori évolusi
Pangecapan	John Murray
Tanggal babar	24 November 1859
Jinis sarana	buku (samak atos & samak tipis)
ISBN	ora ana

Asal-usul Spesies (On the Origin of Species) déning Charles Darwin (terbit taun 1859) iku karya wigati jroning literatur èlmiyah lan dianggep minangka tonggak sajroning téori évolusi. Irah-irahan jangkepé ya iku On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (Ngenani Asal-usul Spesies liwat Cara Seleksi Alam, utawa Panglestarèn Klompok jroning Perjuwangan kanggo Urip). Buku iki nepungaké téori èlmiyah yèn populasi ngalami évolusi saka generasi menyang generasi liwat prosès seleksi alam. Isi buku iki kontrovèrsial amarga nentang téori panyiptan miturut kapercayan agama, lan arupa panyetus timbulé èlmu ajeneng biologi ing abad kaping 19. Buku sing ditulis déning Darwin arupa asil èkspèdhisi lauté mawa kapal layar HMS Beagle ing taun 1830-an, lan diterusaké kanthi panylidikan lan èksperimèn sawisa bali manèd saka èkspèdhisi.

Buku iki akèh narik kawigatèn wong, wong sing ora ahli waé bisa maca buku iki. Buku iki kontrovèrsia bangetl lan njalari akèh padhebatan ing bidang sains, filsafat, lan agama. Téori èlmiyah ngenani évolusi uga wis ngévolusi tinimbang téori awal sing ditulis Darwin, nanging seleksi alam tetep dadi téori èlmiyah sing paling akèh ditampa kanggo njelasaké évolusi saka sawijining spesies. Kontrovèrsi téori panyiptan lan téori évolusi terus dumadi tekan saiki.

Ringkesan téori Darwin

Téori Darwin didhasaraké pangamatan wigati lan kesimpulané.

1. Spesies dhasaré duwé fertilitas sing dhuwur banget. Cacahing keturunan sing dilairaké luwih akèh saka keturunan sing bisa tekan umur diwasa.
2. Populasi kira-kira tetep cacahé padha, kantho owah-owahan sithik.
3. Sumber panganan iku winates, nanging rélatif stabil jroning jangka wektu suwé.
4. Mula dumadi perjuwangan sacara implisit kanggo tetep urip
5. Ing spesies sing nglakoni réproduksi sacara seksual, biasané ora ana loro indhividhu sing padha persis utawa idhèntik.
6. Sapérangan variasi jroning spesies sacara langsung mangaruhi kamampuan indhividhu kanggo tetep lestari jroning kahanan alam tinentu.
7. Sebagéyan gedhé variasi iki asifat turunan.
8. Indhividhu sing kurang selaras karo lingkungan papan dunungé duwé kamungelan tetep lestari urip sing luwih cilik lan mungel bakal luwih akèh nglakoni réprodhuksi.
9. Indhividhu sing slamet kamungelan gedhé bakal nurunaké ciri-ciri sing diduwèni marang generasi sabanjuré.
10. Prosès sing njalari owah-owahan iki ngasilaké populasi sing alon-alon bisa adhaptasi karo lingkungan, lan ing tembe wuri, sawisé dumadi terus-terusan bakal kawangun karagaman sing anyar, lan pungkasané spesies anyar.

Dhaptar pustaka

• Ansary, Tamim (2006), ''10 Great Scientific Discoveries'' (http://encarta.msn.com/column_scientificdiscoveries_tamimhome/10_Great_Scientific_Discoveries.html) URL diaksès 14 Januari 2007
• BBC, British Broadcasting Corporation (2006), "Thomas Henry Huxley (1825 - 1895)" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml), BBC, Historic Figures URL diaksès 14 Januari 2007
• Bowler, Peter J. (1989), ''The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society'' ([[:The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society|]]), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-485-11375-9
• Browne, E. Janet (1995), ''Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging'' ([[:Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging|]]), London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 1-84413-314-1
• Browne, E. Janet (2002), ''Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place'' ([[:Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place|]]), London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-7126-6837-3
• Burns, Edward M., Ralph, Philip Lee & Lerner, Robert E., et al. (1982), ''World Civilizations Their History and Their Culture'' ([[:World Civilizations Their History and Their Culture|]]) (Sixth ed.), W.W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-95077-8
• Chang, Kenneth (2006), "Few Biologists but Many Evangelicals Sign Anti-Evolution Petition" (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/21/science/sciencespecial2/21peti.html), New York Times URL diaksès 21 Desember 2006
• Clark, Ronald W. (1984), ''The Survival of Charles Darwin'' ([[:The Survival of Charles Darwin|]]), New York: Avon Books, ISBN 0-380-69991-5
• Darwin, Charles (1842/4 (diterbitaké taun 1909)), ''The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844.'' (http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=1), Cambridge University Press URL diaksès 15 Desember 2007
• Darwin, Charles (1859), ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life'' (http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1), London: John Murray URL diaksès 8 September 2007
• Darwin, Charles (1860), ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life'' (http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F376&viewtype=text&pageseq=1), London: John Murray Edisi ke-2. URL diaksès 8 September 2007
• Darwin, Charles (1861), ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life'' (http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F381&viewtype=text&pageseq=1), London: John Murray Edisi ke-3. URL diaksès 11 Juni 2007
• Darwin, Charles (1872), ''The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.'' (http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=text&pageseq=1), London: John Murray Èdhisi kaping 6; mawa tambahan lan korèksi. URL diaksès 31 Desember 2007
• Darwin, Charles (1887), ''The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter.'' (http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=39003&pageno=1), London: John Murray (Otobiografi Charles Darwin) URL diaksès 15 Desember 2006
• Darwin, Charles (1958), ''The autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his grand-daughter Nora Barlow.'' (http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=1), London: Collins (Otobiografi Charles Darwin) URL diaksès 15 Desember 2006
• Desmond, Adrian J. (2004), "Darwin" ([[:"Darwin"|]]) in Encyclopaedia Britannica 2004 DVD
• Desmond, Adrian & Moore, James (1991), ''Darwin'' ([[:Darwin|]]), London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group, ISBN 0-7181-3430-3
• Dewey, John (1994), "The Influence of Darwinism on Philosophy" ([[:"The Influence of Darwinism on Philosophy"|]]) in Martin Gardner, ed., Great Essays in Science, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-853-8
• Dobzhansky, Theodosius (March 1973), "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution" (http://www.2think.org/dobzhansky.shtml), The American Biology Teacher, vol. 35, pp. 125-129 URL diaksès 15 Desember 2006
• Eldredge, Niles (2006), "Confessions of a Darwinist" (http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/#fn11), The Virginia Quarterly Review, no. Spring 2006, pp. 32-53 URL diaksès 15 Desember 2006
• Freeman, R. B. (1977), "On the Origin of Species" (http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecies.html) in The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist (Second ed.), Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd URL diaksès 15 Desember 2006
• Gamlin, Linda (1993), ''Evolution'' ([[:Evolution|]]), Dorling Kindersley, ISBN 0-7894-5579-X
• Hodge, Charles (1874), ''What is Darwinism?'' (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19192/19192-8.txt), Scribner, Armstrong, and Company, ASIN B0006AEEMO URL diaksès 14 Januari 2007
• Huxley, Thomas (1863), ''Six Lectures to Working Men "On Our Knowledge of the Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature" (Republished in Volume II of his Collected Essays, ''Darwiniana'')'' (http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE2/Phen.html) URL diaksès 15 Desember 2006
• Huxley, Thomas H. (1902), "An Episcopal Trilogy 1887" (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15905/15905-8.txt), Collected Essays Science and Christian Tradition, vol. V, pp. 126-159, ISBN 978-1-4179-7372-9 URL diaksès 14 Januari 2007
• Isaak, Mark (2005), ''Claim CA111: Scientists reject evolution?'' (http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CA/CA111.html), Houston, TX: TalkOrigins Archive Foundation URL diaksès 14 Januari 2007
• Jones, Steve (1999), [[Almost Like a Whale]] ([[::Almost Like a Whale|]]), Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-40985-0 (contemporary introduction to The Origin of Species)
• Leakey, Richard (1979), ''"Introduction" to: The Illustrated Origin of Species by Charles Darwin'' ([[:"Introduction" to: The Illustrated Origin of Species by Charles Darwin|]]), Faber and Faber, London, ISBN 0-571-14586-8
• Levine, Russell & Evers, Chris (1999), ''The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation (1668-1859)'' (http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Spontaneous_Generation.html) URL diaksès 14 Januari 2007
• Lucas, J.R. (1979), "Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter" (http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/legend.html), The Historical Journal, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 313-330 URL diaksès 14 Januari 2007
• Malthus, Thomas Robert (1826), ''An Essay on the Principle of Population: A View of its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness; with an Inquiry into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils which It Occasions'' ([[:http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPlong.html:An Essay on the Principle of Population: A View of its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness; with an Inquiry into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils which It Occasions|http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPlong.html]]) (Sixth ed.), John Murray URL diaksès 15 Desember 2006
• Mayr, Ernst (1982), [[The Growth of Biological Thought]] ([[::The Growth of Biological Thought|]]), Harvard: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36446-5
• Miles, Sara Joan (2001), "Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design" (http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01Miles.html), Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, vol. 53, pp. 196-201 URL diaksès 15 Desember 2006
• Moore, James & Desmond, Adrian (2004), ''"Introduction", in Darwin's The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex'' ([[:"Introduction", in Darwin's The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex|]]), London: Penguin Classics
• Moore, James (2006), "Evolution and Wonder - Understanding Charles Darwin" (http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml) in Speaking of Faith (Radio Program), American Public Media URL diaksès 15 Desember 2006
• Phipps, William E. (1983), "Darwin, the Scientific Creationist" (http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1681), Christian Century, no. September 14-21, 1983, pp. 809-811 URL diaksès 11 Januari 2007
• Winston, Robert (2006), "When science meets God" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4488328.stm), BBC URL diaksès 15 Januari 2007
• van Wyhe, John (2006), ''Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch'' (http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html) URL diaksès 15 Desember 2006

Pranala njaba

• The complete work of Charles Darwin online: Table of contents, bibliografi saka On the Origin of Species:
  Kaloroné isiné tèks jangkep The Origin of Species jroning kabèh èdhisi, klebu pertalan basa Jerman, Denmark, lan Rusia.

Sumber liya:

• Tèks jangkep èdhisi pisanan mawa format pdf ing Univèrsitas New South Wales
• Tèks jangkep èdhisi pisanan ing situs web Talk Origins
• Origin of Species, 1st Edition, ing Proyèk Gutenberg
• Origin of Species, 6th Edition, ing Proyèk Gutenberg
• DarwinMiscSep99 Owah-owahan jroning enem èdhisi saka taun 1859 nganti taun 1872.
• Victorian Science Texts