Pranyatan Balfour
Loncat ke navigasi
Loncat ke pencarian
Pranyatan Balfour yaiku prayatan publik dèning pamaréntah Inggris nalika Perang Donya I kang ngumumaké panjurung kanggo "tanah kelairan kanggo wong-wong Yahudi" ing Palestina, nalika wektu iku dhaérahé kakaisaran Ottoman kang dienggoni populasi Yahudi minoritas. Pranyatan iku nyebutaké:
Pemerintahan Sri Baginda memandang positif pendirian di Palestina tanah air untuk orang Yahudi, dan akan menggunakan usaha keras terbaik mereka untuk memudahkan tercapainya tujuan ini, karena jelas dipahami bahwa tidak ada suatupun yang boleh dilakukan yang dapat merugikan hak-hak penduduk dan keagamaan dari komunitas-komunitas non-Yahudi yang ada di Palestina, ataupun hak-hak dan status politis yang dimiliki orang Yahudi di negara-negara lainnya.
Pranyatan iku kacantum ing layang tanggal 2 Novèmber taun 1917 saka Menteri Mancanagara Inggris Arthur Balfour kanggo Gusti Walter Rothschild, pimpinan saka komunitas Yahudi Inggris, kanggo tranmisi ing Fèderasi Zionis Inggris lan Irlandia. Tulisan pranyatan iku diterbitaké ing pèrs tanggal 9 Novèmber taun 1917.
Kabinèt Laga Inggris wiwit nglarasaké mangsa ngarep Palestina nalika pranyatan laga marang Kakaisaran Ottoman ing Novèmber taun 1914. Nalika pranyatan diajukaké, perang kang luwih gedhé tekan puncaké, antarané Sekutu Inggris lan klompok-klompok liyané. Amerika Serikat ngalami kapitunan, lan Rusia sansaya tumuwuh. Rembagan tingkat dhuwur kang pisanan antarané Inggris lan Zionists bisa dianakaké ing konferensi ing 7 februari taun 1917 kang kalebu Sir Tandha Sykes lan Zionis pemimpin. Diskusi-diskusi sabanjuré ngasilaké panjaluké Balfour, ing 19 juni, nalika iku Rothschild lan Chaim Weizmann ngajokaké rancangan saka pranyatan umum. Rancangan-rancangan sabanjuré dirembug déning Kabinèt Inggris ing sasi September lan oktober, karo sartanipun saka wong-wong Zionis Yahudi lan anti-Zionis nanging karo ora wakil saka pedunung lokal ing Palestina. Gebyakan saka pranyatan wuri kang sah ing 31 oktober; ing diskusi saka Kabinèt sadurungé wis mènèhi keuntungan saka propaganda ing Yahudi sak donya kanggo upaya laga sekutu.
Ukara bukaan pranyatan makili jurungan saka utama kakuwatan politik kanggo Zionisme. Istilah "lemah banyu" ora selaras ing hukum internasional, lan sacara intensional ngundakaké pitakonan bab apa nagara Yahudi iku wis trep apa ora karo bab iku. Wewatesan-wewatesan kang ngarahke ing Palestina ora tartamtu, lan pamaréntah Inggris banjur nyatakake tembung "Palestina" yaiku tanah kelairan nasional Yahudi lan ora dimaksudaké kanggo kalebu kabeh saka Palestina. Ing setengah kapindho saka pranyatan kang ditambahaké kanggo nggawé marem mungsuh saka prayatan iku, menawa prayatan iku nyerobot lemahé pedunung asli Palestina lan nyurung antisemitisme marang wong-wong Yahudi ing saindenging donya. Sanajan pernyataan disebut kanggo hak pulitik ing Palestina kanggo wong-wong Yahudi, hak kanggo Palestina Arab, kang kalebu mayoritas pedunung lokal, winates orane katrangan saka sipil lan agama. Ing taun 1939, pamaréntah Inggris temen maujud sawangan saka pedunung lokal kudu kadhaptar ing cathetan, lan ing 2017, nyatakake yen pranyatan kudu kasebut kanggo pangayoman saka hak pulitik Palestina Arab.
Pranyatan iku duwèni sapérang temahan ing tembé wuri. Iki nemen mundhakaké jurungan kanggo Zionisme, lan pucuké kanggo panyiapan saka Mandat Palestina, kang mengko dadi Israel lan wilayah Palestina. Akibaté, pranyatan punika dianggep kang nimbulaké konflik Israel-Palestina, kang asring dianggep minangka konflik paling wigati ing donya. Padudon iku ngubengi saindenging donya, kayata apa pranyatan punika kosokwangsul karo gadang saka sadurungé Inggris digawe kanggo isra ' mi ' raj saka Mekah ing surat-suratan McMahon–Hussein.
Latar mburi[besut | besut sumber]
Jurungan inggris awal[besut | besut sumber]
"Memorandum kanggo Para Panggedhe saka Protestan Eropah kanggo Pemugaran saka wong-wong Yahudi ing Palestina" dening Gusti Shaftesbury, diterbitake ing Kolonial Kaping, ing 1841
Jurungan pulitik Inggris wiwitan untuk paningkatan anané Yahudi di tlatah Palestina adhedasar saka itungan geopolitik.[1][lower-roman 1] Jurungan iki diwiwiti ing 1840an[3] dan dipimpin déning Palmerston, sawisé pendudukan Suriah dan Palestina déning gubernur Utsmaniyah Muhammad Ali saka Mesir.[4][5] Pangaruh Prancis wis tuwuh ing Palèstina dan Tengah wétan minangka pangayom komunitas Katolik kang wiwit tuwuh, kaya ta pangaruh Rusia kang wis tuwuh dadi pelindung Ortodoks Timur ing tlatah kang padha. Kahanan iki nggawé Inggris ora duwèni prabawa ing tlatah iku,[4] mulané Inggris kudu ngupaya para pamimpin tlatah jinurung inggris.[6] Konsiderasi pulitik iku dijurung déning sèntimèn Kristen injili simpatetik tumrap "restorasi Yahudi" ke Palestina di kalangan elit politik Inggris pertengahan abad ke-19 - terutama Lord Shaftesbury.[lower-roman 2] Kantor Mancanagara Inggris nyengkuyung èmigrasi Yahudi ing Palestina, contohé pranyatan Charles Henry Churchill ing taun 1841–1842 marang Moses Montefiore, pemimpin paguyuban Yahudi Inggris.[8][lower-alpha 1]
Upaya-upaya iku sipaté prématur,[8] lan ora suksès;[lower-roman 3] mung wong 24,000 Yahudi kang dunung ing Palestina nalika pengadekan Zionisme kanggo paguyuban Yahudi ing donya ing akhir abad ka-19.[10] Wiwit geopolitik temahan Perang Donya I, itungan awal saka iku ujungé karo pangadekan strategis dan panawa pulitik ing Tengah wétan dan wétan adoh.[5]
Zionisme Wiwitan[besut | besut sumber]
Zionisme dikembangaké ing pungkasan abad ka-19 ing reaksi kanggo anti-Semit lan obah-obahan nasionalis eksklusionèr ing Éropah.[11][lower-roman 4][lower-roman 5] Nasionalisme roman ing Eropah Tengah lan Wétan kawangun ing tatanan saka Haskalah, utawa "Yahudi Gamblang", nggawé pamisahan ing paguyuban Yahudi antarané wong-wong kang ndeleng Yahudi minangka agama lan wong ndeleng wong minangka kesukuan utawa bangsa.[11][12] Pogrom anti-Yahudi ing Kakaisaran Rusia taun 1881-1884 njurung tuwuhé identitas wong-wong kang ndeleng minangka kesukuan utawa bangsa, asil ing tatanan saka pionir organisasi Hovevei Sion, publikasi saka Autoemancipation karyané Leon Pinsker, lan saiki ilènan utama imigrasi Yahudi ing Palestina – kang kanthi retrospèktip dijenengi "Aliyah wiwitan".[14][15][12]
"Program Basel" iku iki sarujuk ing Kawitan Zionis Congress ing taun 1897. Ukara kapisan ngandharaken: "Zionisme yakuwi kanggo netepake tanah kelairan (Heimstätte) kanggo wong-wong Yahudi ing Palestina ing sesuai ing umum hukum"
Cathetan[besut | besut sumber]
Kutipan pendukung primer[besut | besut sumber]
- ↑ Montefiore adalah Yahudi Britania terkaya, dan pemimpin Badan Deputi Yahudi Inggris. Surat pertama Charles Henry Churchill, pada tahun 1841, ditujukan untuk mengkatalisasikan sebuah peminatan dalam emigrasi Yahudi ke Palestina: "Menyadari bahwa kamu dan para kolegamu harus berada pada peminatanmu sendiri atas subyek penting ini dari pemulihan negara kunomu, ini tampak kepadaku (membentuk opiniku atas sikap saat ini dari urusan-urusan di Kekaisaran Turki) yang hanya menjadi subyek-subyek Porte yang dapat kamu perdagangkan untuk meraih kembali penjejakan di Palestina."[8]
Catatan penjelas dan sudut pandang cendekiawan[besut | besut sumber]
- ↑ Renton mendeskripsikannya sebagai berikut: "Sebuah aspek krusial dari penggambaran deskripsi Deklarasi ini sebagai produk pengasihan Inggris, yang berlawanan dengan realpolitik, adalah bahwa Inggris memiliki perhatian alami dan sangat mendalam untuk hak Yahudi dan secara khusus restorasi nasional mereka, yang merupakan bagian peraihan ulang dari budaya dan sejarah Inggris. Dihadirkan dalam cara ini, Deklarasi tersebut menunjukkan peristiwa yang hampir tertata sebelumnya dan alami. Sehingga, Zionisme tak hanya hadir sebagai telos sejarah Yahudi namun juga sejarah Inggris. Penekanan nasionalis dan sejarah Zionis berkembang menuju titik tujuan tunggal dan penebusan yang dibolehkan untuk, saat dibutuhkan, sebuah penjelasan semacam ini. Mitos 'proto-Zionisme' Inggris, yang telah memiliki pengaruh jangka panjang semacam itu pada historiografi Deklarasi Balfour, sehingga dibuat, untuk melayani kebutuhan para propagandis Zionis yang bekerja untuk Pemerintah Inggris."[2]
- ↑ Donald Lewis menyatakan: "Ini adalah pengisian dari karya ini yang melalui pemahaman [filosemitisme Kristen dan Zionisme Kristen] yang dapat membuat esensi pengaruh agama dan budaya yang bekerja bersama untuk membuat iklim opini di kalangan elit politik di Inggris yang sangat menunjang Deklarasi Balfour."[7]
- ↑ Dengan menghormati skema-skema Eropa untuk mendorong imigrasi Yahudi, Katolik dan Protestan ke Palestina, Schölch menyatakan bahwa "Namun beberapa proyek dan wirausaha kolonisasi, hanya dua yang meraih kesuksesan: pemukiman Templar sejak tahun 1868 dan imigran Yahudi sejak tahun 1882."[9]
- ↑ LeVine dan Mossberg menjelaskannya sebagai berikut: "Induk Zionisme bukanlah Yudaisme dan tradisi, namun anti-Semitisme dan nasionalisme. Gagasan-gagasan Revolusi Perancis perlahan menyebar ke sepanjang Eropa, akhirnya menjapai Pangkal Pemukiman di Kekaisaran Rusia dan membantu pembentukan Haskalah, atau Pencerahan Yahudi. Ini menimbulkan pemisahan permanen di dunia Yahudi, antara orang yang memegang halakhik atau pandangan sentris agama dari identitas mereka dan orang yang mengadopsi bagian retorika rasial dari masanya dan membuat orang Yahudi menjadi sebuah bangsa. Ini membantu arus pogrom di Eropa Timur yang membuat dua juta Yahudi berpindah; kebanyakan dari mereka bermukim di Amerika, namun beberapa orang memilih Palestina. Sepasukan pergerakan di balik hal ini adalah gerakan Hovevei Zion, yang bekerja dari tahun 1882 untuk mengembangkan identitas Ibrani yang dibedakan dari Yudaisme sebagai agama."[12]
- ↑ Gelvin menyatakan: "Fakta bahwa nasionalisme Palestina berkembang lebih akhir ketimbang Zionisme dan merupakan tanggapan dari hal yang tidak dalam cara apapun yang menyudutkan pengesahan nasionalisme Palestina atau menjadikannya kurang valid ketimbang Zionisme. Seluruh nasionalisme berkembang dalam penentangan melawan beberapa 'lainnya'. Kenapa yang lainnya akan dibutuhkan untuk menspesifikasikan siapa kamu? Dan seluruh nasionalisme didefinisikan oleh apa yang mereka lawan. Seperti yang kami lihat, Zionisme sendiri berkembang dalam reaksi anti-Semitik dan gerakan-gerakan nasionalis eksklusioner di Eropa. Ini akan membuat Zionisme dicap kurang valid ketimbang anti-Semitisme Eropa atau nasionalisme-nasionalisme tersebut. Selain itu, Zionisme sendiri juga didefinisikan oleh perlawanannya terhadap penduduk asli Palestina di kawasan tersebut. Baik slogan 'penaklukan lahan' maupun 'penaklukan buruh' yang menjadi pusat dari ketegangan dominan dari Zionisme di Yishuv bermula sebagai hasil dari konfrontasi Zionis dengan Palestina 'lainnya'."[13]
Kutipan[besut | besut sumber]
- ↑ Renton 2007, k. 2.
- ↑ Renton 2007, k. 85.
- ↑ Schölch 1992, k. 44.
- ↑ a b Stein 1961, kk. 5–9.
- ↑ a b Liebreich 2004, kk. 8–9.
- ↑ Schölch 1992, k. 41.
- ↑ Lewis 2014, k. 10.
- ↑ a b c Friedman 1973, k. xxxii.
- ↑ Schölch 1992, k. 51.
- ↑ Cleveland & Bunton 2016, k. 229.
- ↑ a b Cohen 1989, kk. 29–31.
- ↑ a b c LeVine & Mossberg 2014, k. 211.
- ↑ Gelvin 2014, k. 93.
- ↑ Rhett 2015, k. 106.
- ↑ Cohen 1989, kk. 31–32.
Daftar pustaka[besut | besut sumber]
Karya yang dikhususkan[besut | besut sumber]
- Adelson, Roger (1995). London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902–1922. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06094-2.
- Allawi, Ali A. (2014). Faisal I of Iraq. Yale University Press. kk. 216–. ISBN 978-0-300-19936-9.
- Antonius, George (1938). The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-7103-0673-9.
- Bachi, Roberto (1974). The Population of Israel (PDF). Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. kk. 133, 390–394. OCLC 7924090.
- Barr, James (2011). A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle that Shaped the Middle East. Simon & Schuster. k. 60. ISBN 978-1-84983-903-7.
- Bassiouni, M. Cherif; Fisher, Eugene M. (2012). "Thee Arab-Israeli Conflict – Real and Apparent Issues: An Insight Into Its Future from the Lessons of the Past". St. John's Law Review 44 (3). ISSN 0036-2905.
- Berman, Aaron (1992). Nazism, the Jews and American Zionism, 1933-1988. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2232-8.
- Biger, Gideon (2004). The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-5654-0.
- Billauer, Barbara P. (2013). "Case-Studies in Scientific Statecraft: Chaim Weizmann and the Balfour Declaration - Science, Scientists and Propaganda" (PDF). SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2327350.
- Brysac, Shareen Blair; Meyer, Karl E. (2009). Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-34243-7.
- Brecher, Frank W. (1987). "Woodrow Wilson and the Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict". American Jewish Archives 39 (1): 23–47. ISSN 0002-905X.
- Brecher, F.W. (1993). "French Policy toward the Levant". Middle Eastern Studies 29 (4): 641–663. doi:10.1080/00263209308700971.
- Büssow, Johann (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7.
- Ciani, Adriano E. (2011). "1". The Vatican, American Catholics and the Struggle for Palestine, 1917–58: A Study of Cold War Roman Catholic Transnationalism (Ph.D.). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository.
- Cohen, Michael; Kolinsky, Martin (3 April 2013). Demise of the British Empire in the Middle East: Britain's Responses to Nationalist Movements, 1943–55. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-31375-2.
- Cohen, Michael J (2014). Britain's Moment in Palestine: Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917–1948. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-91364-1.
- Cooper, John (16 July 2015). The Unexpected Story of Nathaniel Rothschild. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-1708-9.
- Davidson, Lawrence (2002). "The Past as Prelude: Zionism and the Betrayal of American Democratic Principles, 1917–48". Journal of Palestine Studies 31 (3): 21–35. ISSN 0377-919X. doi:10.1525/jps.2002.31.3.21.
- Defries, Harry (2014). Conservative Party Attitudes to Jews 1900–1950. Routledge. k. 51. ISBN 978-1-135-28462-6.
- Della Pergola, Sergio (2001). "Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications" (PDF). International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, XXIV, General Population Conference, Salvador de Bahia.
- De Waart, P.J.I.M (1994). Dynamics of Self-determination in Palestine: Protection of Peoples as a Human Right. BRILL. k. 271. ISBN 978-90-04-09825-1.
- Domnitch, Larry (2000). The Jewish Holidays: A Journey Through History. Jason Aronson. ISBN 978-0-7657-6109-5.
- Dugard, John (2013). "A Tale of Two Sacred Trusts: Namibia and Palestine". Law, Politics and Rights: 285–305. ISBN 9789004249004. doi:10.1163/9789004249004_011.
- Friedman, Isaiah (1997). Germany, Turkey, and Zionism 1897–1918. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-2456-9.
- Friedman, Isaiah (2000). Palestine, a Twice-Promised Land: The British, the Arabs & Zionism : 1915–1920. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-3044-7.
- Friedman, Isaiah (1973). The Question of Palestine: British-Jewish-Arab Relations, 1914–1918. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-3868-9.
- Friedman, Menachem (2012). "Israel as a Theological Dilemma". In Baruch Kimmerling. Israeli State and Society, The: Boundaries and Frontiers. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-0901-6.
- Fromkin, David (1990). A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. Avon Books. ISBN 978-0-380-71300-4.
- Garfield, Brian (2007). The Meinertzhagen Mystery: The Life and Legend of a Colossal Fraud. Potomac Books Inc. ISBN 978-1-59797-041-9.
- Gelvin, James L. (1999). "The Ironic Legacy of the King-Crane Commission". In David W. Lesch. The Middle East and the United States. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4349-5.
- Gilmour, David (1996). "The Unregarded Prophet: Lord Curzon and the Palestine Question". Journal of Palestine Studies 25 (3): 64. JSTOR 2538259. doi:10.2307/2538259.
- Glass, Joseph B. (2002). From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine, 1917–1939. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2842-3.
- Grainger, John D. (2006). The Battle for Palestine, 1917. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-263-8.
- Grief, Howard (2008). The Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel Under International Law: A Treatise on Jewish Sovereignty Over the Land of Israel. Mazo Publishers. k. 731. ISBN 9789657344521.
- Gutwein, Danny (2016). "The Politics of the Balfour Declaration: Nationalism, Imperialism and the Limits of Zionist-British Cooperation". Journal of Israeli History 35 (2): 117–152. doi:10.1080/13531042.2016.1244100.
- Haiduc-Dale, Noah (2013). Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-7604-0.
- Halpern, Ben (1987). A Clash of Heroes : Brandeis, Weizmann, and American Zionism: Brandeis, Weizmann, and American Zionism. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-536489-7.
- Hardie, Frank; Herrman, Irwin M. (1980). Britain and Zion: the fateful entanglement. Blackstaff. ISBN 978-0-85640-229-6.
- Helmreich, William (1985). The Third Reich and the Palestine Question. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-351-47272-2.
- Hourani, Albert (1981). The Emergence of the Modern Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03862-2.
- Huneidi, Sahar (2001). A Broken Trust: Sir Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians. I.B.Tauris. k. 84. ISBN 978-1-86064-172-5.
- Ingrams, Doreen (2009). Palestine papers: 1917–1922: seeds of conflict. Eland. ISBN 978-1-906011-38-3.
- Kattan, Victor (June 2009). From Coexistence to Conquest: International Law and the Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1891–1949. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-2579-8.
- Kaufman, Edy (2006). "The French pro-Zionist declarations of 1917–1918". Middle Eastern Studies 15 (3): 374–407. doi:10.1080/00263207908700418.
- Kedourie, Elie (1976). In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and Its Interpretations 1914–1939. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-30842-1.
- Klug, Brian (2012). Being Jewish and Doing Justice: Bringing Argument to Life. Vallentine Mitchell. ISBN 978-0-85303-993-8.
Also online at: [1]
- Kreutz, Andrej (1990). Vatican Policy on the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict. Greenwood Press. k. 196. ISBN 0313268290.
- Lebow, Richard Ned (1968). "Woodrow Wilson and the Balfour Declaration". The Journal of Modern History 40 (4): 501–523. JSTOR 1878450. doi:10.1086/240237.
- Lewis, Donald (2014). The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury And Evangelical Support For A Jewish Homeland (PDF). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-63196-0.
- Lewis, Geoffrey (31 May 2009). Balfour and Weizmann: The Zionist, the Zealot and the Emergence of Israel. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84725-040-7.
- Liebreich, Freddy (2004). Britain's Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 1945–1949. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-76694-8.
- Lieshout, Robert H. (2016). Britain and the Arab Middle East: World War I and its Aftermath. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-583-4.
- Kamel, Lorenzo (2015). Imperial Perceptions of Palestine: British Influence and Power in Late Ottoman Times. British Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-78453-129-4.
- Makovsky, Michael (2007). Churchill's Promised Land: Zionism and Statecraft. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11609-8.
- Manuel, Frank E. (1955). "The Palestine Question in Italian Diplomacy". The Journal of Modern History 27 (3): 263–280. doi:10.1086/237809.
- Mathew, William M. (2013). "The Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate, 1917–1923: British Imperialist Imperatives". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (Routledge) 40 (3): 231–250. doi:10.1080/13530194.2013.791133.
- Mathew, William M. (2011). "War-Time Contingency and the Balfour Declaration of 1917: An Improbable Regression" (PDF). Journal of Palestine Studies 40 (2): 26–42. JSTOR 10.1525/jps.2011.xl.2.26. doi:10.1525/jps.2011.xl.2.26.
- Minerbi, Sergio I. (1990). The Vatican and Zionism:Conflict in the Holy Land, 1895–1925. Oxford University Press. k. 253. ISBN 978-0-19-505892-5.
- Neff, Donald (1995). "The Palestinians and Zionism: 1897 -1948". Middle East Policy 4 (1): 156–174. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4967.1995.tb00213.x.
- Nicosia, Francis R. (5 May 2008). Zionism and Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88392-4.
- Posner, Steve (1987). Israel Undercover:Secret Warfare and Hidden Diplomacy in the Middle East. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-5203-8.
- Quigley, John (2010). The Statehood of Palestine: International Law in the Middle East Conflict. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49124-2.
- Reid, Walter (1 September 2011). Empire of Sand: How Britain Made the Middle East. Birlinn. ISBN 978-0-85790-080-7.
- Reinharz, Jehuda (1988). "Zionism in the USA on the Eve of the Balfour Declaration". Studies in Zionism 9 (2): 131–145. doi:10.1080/13531048808575933.
- Renton, James (2007). The Zionist Masquerade: The Birth of the Anglo-Zionist Alliance 1914–1918. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-54718-6.
- Renton, James (2004). "Reconsidering Chaim Weizmann and Moses Gaster in the Founding Mythology of Zionism". In Berkowitz, Michael. Nationalism, Zionism and ethnic mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and beyond [electronic resource]. BRILL. kk. 129–151. ISBN 978-90-04-13184-2.
- Renton, James (2016). "Flawed Foundations: The Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate". In Miller, Rory. Britain, Palestine and Empire: The Mandate Years. Routledge. kk. 15–37. ISBN 978-1-317-17233-8.
- Rhett, Maryanne A. (19 November 2015). The Global History of the Balfour Declaration: Declared Nation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-31276-5.
- Rose, Norman (2010). A Senseless, Squalid War: Voices from Palestine, 1890s to 1948. Pimlico. ISBN 978-1-84595-079-8.
- Rosen, Jacob (1988). "Captain Reginald Hall and the Balfour Declaration". Middle Eastern Studies (Taylor & Francis) 24 (1): 56–67. JSTOR 4283222.
- Rovner, Adam (2014). In the Shadow of Zion: Promised Lands Before Israel. New York University Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-1748-1.
- Rubinstein, William (2000). "The Secret of Leopold Amery". Historical Research (Institute of Historical Research) 73 (181, June 2000): 175–196. doi:10.1111/1468-2281.00102.
- Said, Edward W. (1979). The Question of Palestine. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-73988-3.
- Sanders, Ronald (January 1984). The High Walls of Jerusalem: A History of the Balfour Declaration and the Birth of the British Mandate for Palestine. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-053971-8.
- Schneer, Jonathan (2010). The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6532-5.
- Schölch, Alexander (1992). "Britain in Palestine, 1838-1882: The Roots of the Balfour Policy". Journal of Palestine Studies 22 (1): 39–56. JSTOR 2537686. doi:10.2307/2537686.
- Shlaim, Avi (2009). Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-366-7.
- Shlaim, Avi (2005). "The Balfour Declaration and its Consequences". In Louis, Wm. Roger. Yet More Adventures with Brittania: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain. I.B.Tauris. kk. 251–270. ISBN 978-1-84511-082-6.
- Sorek, Tamir (2015). Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-9520-3.
- Smith, Charles D. (1 June 2011). "The Historiography of World War I and the Emergence of the Contemporary Middle East". In Israel Gershoni; Amy Singer; Y. Hakan Erdem. Middle East Historiographies: Narrating the Twentieth Century. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80089-9.
- Strawson, John (2009). Partitioning Palestine: Legal Fundamentalism in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict. Pluto. ISBN 978-0-7453-2324-4.
- Stein, Leonard (1961). The Balfour Declaration. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-965-223-448-3.
- Tamari, Salim (2017). The Great War and the Remaking of Palestine. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-29125-6.
- Tessler, Mark (2009). A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Second Edition. Indiana University Press. k. 1018. ISBN 978-0-253-22070-7.
- Tomes, Jason (9 May 2002). Balfour and Foreign Policy: The International Thought of a Conservative Statesman. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89370-1.
- Toury, Jacob (1968). "Organizational Problems of German Jewry: Steps towards the Establishment of a Central Organization (1893–1920)". Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute 13 (1): 57–90. doi:10.1093/leobaeck/13.1.57.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (2017). "35. Is the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to Blame for the Long-Running Arab-Israeli Conflict?". Enduring Controversies in Military History: Critical Analyses and Context. ABC-CLIO. kk. 469–482. ISBN 978-1-4408-4120-0.
- Ulrichsen, Kristian; Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates (2014). The First World War in the Middle East. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-84904-274-1.
- Vereté, Mayir (1970). "The Balfour Declaration and Its Makers". Middle Eastern Studies (Taylor & Francis, Ltd.) 6 (1): 48–76. JSTOR 4282307. doi:10.1080/00263207008700138.
- Wasserstein, Bernard (1991). The British in Palestine: The Mandatory Government and Arab-Jewish Conflict, 1917–1929. B. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-17574-2.
- Wavell, Field Marshal Earl (1968) [1933]. "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William. A Short History of the British Army (ed. 4th). Constable & Co. OCLC 35621223.
- Wilson, Mary Christina (1990). King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39987-6.
- Woodfin, E. (2012). Camp and Combat on the Sinai and Palestine Front: The Experience of the British Empire Soldier, 1916–18. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-26480-0.
- Woodward, David R. (1998). Field Marshal Sir William Robertson: Chief of the Imperial General Staff in the Great War. Praeger. ISBN 0-275-95422-6.
- Zieger, Robert H. (2001). America's Great War: World War I and the American Experience. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9645-1.
- Division for Palestinian Rights of the United Nations Secretariat (1978), The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem 1917–1988, Part I, United Nations
Sejarah umum[besut | besut sumber]
- Bickerton, Ian J.; Klausner, Carla L. (16 September 2016). A History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-315-50939-6.
- Caplan, Neil (2011). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Contested Histories. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-5786-8.
- Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin (2016). A History of the Modern Middle East. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8133-4980-0.
- Cohen, Michael J. (14 April 1989). The Origins and Evolution of the Arab-Zionist Conflict. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-90914-4.
- Dockrill, Michael L.; Lowe, Cedric James (2001) [1972]. Mirage Of Power, Part II. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-46774-5.
- Dockrill, Michael L.; Lowe, Cedric James (2002) [1972]. Mirage Of Power, Part III. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-46802-5.
- Geddes, Charles L. (1991). A Documentary History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-93858-1.
- Gelvin, James (2014) [2002]. The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War (ed. 3). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85289-0.
- Hurewitz, J. C. (1 June 1979). The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record – British-French Supremacy, 1914–1945. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-02203-2.
- Kedourie, Elie (19 December 2013) [1982]. Palestine and Israel in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-16814-8.
- Khouri, Fred John (January 1985). The Arab-Israeli Dilemma. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2340-3.
- Laqueur, Walter; Schueftan, Dan (2016). The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict: Eighth Revised and Updated Edition. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-99241-8.
- Laurens, Henry (1999). La Question de Palestine - Tome 1 - L'invention de la Terre sainte (1799-1922) [In French]. Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-70357-2.
- Lebel, G'eni (2007). Until the Final Solution: The Jews in Belgrade 1521–1942. Avotaynu. ISBN 978-1-88622-333-2.
- LeVine, Mark; Mossberg, Mathias (2014). One Land, Two States: Israel and Palestine as Parallel States. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95840-1.
- Makdisi, Saree (12 April 2010). Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-33844-7.
- Mansfield, Peter (1992). The Arabs. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-014768-1.
- Monroe, Elizabeth (1981). Britain's Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1971. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-2616-0.
- Penslar, Derek (2007). Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-14669-7.
- Quigley, Carroll (1981). The Anglo-American Establishment. Books in Focus. ISBN 978-0-945001-01-0.
- Ristović, Milan (2016). "The Jews of Serbia (1804–1918): From Princely Protection to Formal Emancipation". In Catalan, Tullia; Dogo, Marco. The Jews and the Nation-States of Southeastern Europe from the 19th Century to the Great Depression: Combining Viewpoints on a Controversial Story. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. kk. 23–50. ISBN 978-1-44389-662-7.
- Smith, Charles D. (2016). Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 978-1-319-02805-3.
- Stein, Leslie (2003). The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-97141-0.
- Wasserstein, Bernard (2008). Israel and Palestine: Why They Fight and Can They Stop?. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-84668-092-2.
- Watts, Tim (2008). "The Balfour Declaration". In Spencer C. Tucker; Priscilla Roberts. The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-842-2.
Karya buatan pihak-pihak yang terlibat[besut | besut sumber]
- Amery, Leopold (1953). My Political Life: War and peace, 1914–1929. Hutchinson. OCLC 458439494.
- Balfour, Arthur (1928). Israel Cohen, ed. Speeches on Zionism; with a foreword by Sir Herbert Samuel. Arrowsmith. OCLC 170849.
- Cohen, Israel (1946). The Zionist Movement. Edited and Revised with Supplementary Chapter on Zionism in the United States. Zionist Organization of America. OCLC 906137115.
- Curzon, George (1917). "The Future of Palestine, GT 2406, CAB 24/30/6". UK National Archives.
- de Haas, Jacob (1929). Louis D(embitz) Brandeis. Bloch. OCLC 1550172.
- Leslie, Shane (1923). Mark Sykes: His Life and Letters. Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC 656769736.
Also online at Internet Archive
- Lloyd George, David (1933). War Memoirs of David Lloyd George: 1915–1916 II. AMS Press. k. 50. ISBN 0-404-15042-X. Also at Internet Archive.
- Lloyd George, David (1939). Memoirs of the Peace Conference II. Yale University Press. OCLC 654953981.
- Meinertzhagen, Richard (1959). Middle East Diary, 1917–1956. Cresset Press. OCLC 397539.
- Palin Commission (1920), Report of the Court of Inquiry Convened by Order of His Excellency the High Commissioner and Commander-in Chief, also known as the "Palin Report", PRO, FO 371/5121, file E9379/85/44, UK National Archives,
Tèks wutuh Palin Report ing Wikisumber. For further information see the Commission's Wikipedia article at Palin Commission - Palestine Royal Commission (1937), Cmd. 5479, Palestine Royal Commission Report, also known as the "Peel Report" (PDF), HMSO,
For further information see the Commission's Wikipedia article at Peel Commission
- Samuel, Herbert (1945). Memoirs. Cresset Press. OCLC 575921.
- Sokolow, Nahum (1919). History of Zionism 1600–1918: Volume II. Longmans Green & Co. ISBN 978-1-4212-2861-7.
- Storrs, Ronald (1943). Lawrence of Arabia: Zionism and Palestine. Penguin Books. OCLC 977422365.
- UNSCOP (1947), "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, Report to the General Assembly, Volume 1; A/364", Official Records of the Second Session of the General Assembly (United Nations)
- Weizmann, Chaim (1949). Trial and Error, The Autobiography of Chaim Weizmann. Jewish Publication Society of America. OCLC 830295337.
- Weizmann, Chaim (1983). The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann: August 1898 – July 1931. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-87855-279-5.
