Tibèt Kuna: Béda antara owahan

Tibèt Kuna
	Turfan fragment tibt.jpg
Dituturaké ing	Tibèt
Gunggung panutur	—
Rumpun basa	Cithakan:Infobox Language/genetic2 Tibèt-Kanauri? Bodi Tibètan Tibèt Kuna; ; ; ;
Sistem tulisan	Aksara Tibèt
Kodhe basa
ISO 639-1	None
ISO 639-2	–
ISO 639-3	otb

Luru sajarah

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Salarik

Révisi kala 12 Novèmber 2015 03.37

Cithakan:Infobox Language/IPA notice

Tibèt Kuna kuwi tegesé mangsa uriping basa-basa Tibèt sing kacathet ana naskah-naskah Kraton Tibèt saka madyaning abad ka-7, nalika kraton nembé ngangkat aksara, nganti purwaning abad ka-11 M.

Ana taun 816 M, sajroning panguwasaning Sadnaleg, basa sastraning Tibèt menangi owah-owahan agung kanthi madhakaké basa lan tetembungan ana ing pertalan serat-serat saka India. Paugeran anyar iki banjur miwiti mangsa sing diarani mangsa Tibèt Klasik.^[1]

Fonologi

Fonologi Tibèt Kuna kaciri ing pirang-pirang cihna (fitur) sing banjur cicir ana ing mangsa Tibèt Klasik, yakuwi uni my- (dadi m- ana ing basa Tibèt Klasik) sadurungé uni swara (uni vokal) -i- lan -e-, uni klompok sts- (dadi s-), lan wujud kawalikaning aksara swara "i" (gi-gu).^[2]

Pranata kasus

Morfologi kasus awujud sandhangan (afiks) tumrap kabèh frasa nomina, dudu tembung-tembung tunggal (Gruppenflexion). Basa Tibèt Kuna nduwèni sepuluh kasus padha kayata basa Tibèt Klasik:^[3]

absolutif (legena, tanpa tetenger morfologis)
gènitif (གི་ -gi, གྱི་ -gyi, ཀྱི་ -kyi, འི་ - 'i, ཡི་ -yi)
agèntif (གིས་ -gis, གྱིས་ -gyis, ཀྱིས་ -kyis, ས་ -s, ཡིས་ -yis)
lokatif (ན་ -na)
alatif (ལ་ -la)
tèrminatif (རུ་ -ru, སུ་ -su, ཏུ་ -tu, དུ་ -du, ར་ -r)
komitatif (དང་ -dang)
ablatif (ནས་ -nas)
élatif (ལས་ -las)
komparatif (བས་ -bas)

Nanging mangkono, sanajan lokatif, alatif, lan terminatif alon-alon kaguwang saka basa Tibèt Klasik (lan kaanggep tradhisi tatabasa purwa la don bdun), saben kasus iki nduwé piguna dhéwé-dhéwé ana ing basa Tibèt Kuna.^[4]

Juru tatabasa Tibèt Tradhisional ora mbédakaké tetenger kasus kayata mangkéné, nanging nggolongaké morfèm-morfèm kasus iki (kajaba -dang karo -bas) dadi wolung kasus miturut basa Sangskreta.

Tembung sesulih

Ana telung tembung sesulih kapisan tunggal ana ing basa Tibèt Kuna: ང་ nga, བདག་ bdag, lan ཁོ་བོ་ kho-bo, lan telung tembung sesulih kapisan jamak: ངེད་ nged, བདག་ཅག་ bdag-cag, lan འོ་སྐོལ་ 'o-skol. Tembung sesulih kapindho ana rong tembung tunggal ཁྱོད་ khyod karo ཁྱོ(ན)་འདའ་ khyo(n)-'da' lan satembung jamak ཁྱེད་ khyed.^[5]

Rujukan

Karya sing dipethik

Hill, Nathan W. (2010a), "Overview of Old Tibetan synchronic phonology" (PDF), Transactions of the Philological Society, 108 (2): 110–125, doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.2010.01234.x, diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 28 July 2013. {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (pitulung)
Hill, Nathan W. (2010b), "Personal pronouns in Old Tibetan" (PDF), Journal Asiatique, 298 (2): 549–571, doi:10.2143/JA.298.2.2062444, diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 1 August 2013. {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (pitulung); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (pitulung)
Hill, Nathan W. (2011), "The allative, locative, and terminative cases (la-don) in the Old Tibetan Annals", New Studies in the Old Tibetan Documents: Philology, History and Religion (PDF), Old Tibetan Documents Online Monograph Series, vol. 3, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, kc. 3–38. {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (pitulung)
Hill, Nathan W. (2012), "Tibetan -las, -nas, and -bas" (PDF), Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 41 (1): 3–38, diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 2014. {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (pitulung); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (pitulung)
Hodge, Stephen (1993), An Introduction to Classical Tibetan (édhisi ka-revised), Warminster: Aris & Phillips, ISBN 978-0-85668-548-4.

Pranala njaba

Naskah Tibèt Kuna Jroring, Pangkajian Mancanagara Univèrsitas Tokyo: alihaksaran naskah-naskah Tibèt Kuna lan Tibèt Klasik pinilih.
Kridha Dunhuang Bangsantara: kalebu citraning werna-werna naskah.

[FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii-1] Hodge 1993, kc. vii.

[FOOTNOTEHill2010a-2] Hill 2010a.

[FOOTNOTEHill2012-3] Hill 2012.

[FOOTNOTEHill2011-4] Hill 2011.

[FOOTNOTEHill2010b-5] Hill 2010b.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Larik 17: / Larik 17: @@
 '''Tibèt Kuna''' kuwi tegesé mangsa uriping basa-basa Tibèt sing kacathet ana naskah-naskah Kraton Tibèt saka madyaning abad ka-7, nalika kraton nembé ngangkat aksara, nganti purwaning abad ka-11 M.
-Ana taun 816 M, sajroning panguwasaning Sadnaleg, basa sastraning Tibèt menangi owah-owahan agung kanthi madhakaké basa lan tetembungan ana ing pertalan serat-serat saka India. Paugeran anyar iki banjur miwiti mangsa sing diarani mangsa Tibèt Klasik.<span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii_1-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii_1-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii-1|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[1]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii_1-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii_1-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false"></span>
+Ana taun 816 M, sajroning panguwasaning Sadnaleg, basa sastraning Tibèt menangi owah-owahan agung kanthi madhakaké basa lan tetembungan ana ing pertalan serat-serat saka India. Paugeran anyar iki banjur miwiti mangsa sing diarani mangsa Tibèt Klasik.{{sfn|Hodge|1993|p=vii}}
 == Fonologi ==
-Fonologi Tibèt Kuna kaciri ing pirang-pirang cihna (''fitur'') sing banjur cicir ana ing mangsa Tibèt Klasik, yakuwi uni ''my-'' (dadi ''m- ''ana ing basa Tibèt Klasik) sadurungé uni swara (uni vokal) ''-i-'' lan ''-e-'', uni klompok ''sts-'' (dadi ''s-''), lan wujud kawalikaning aksara swara "i" (''gi-gu'').<span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a_2-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a_2-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[2]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a_2-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a_2-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false"></span>
+Fonologi Tibèt Kuna kaciri ing pirang-pirang cihna (''fitur'') sing banjur cicir ana ing mangsa Tibèt Klasik, yakuwi uni ''my-'' (dadi ''m- ''ana ing basa Tibèt Klasik) sadurungé uni swara (uni vokal) ''-i-'' lan ''-e-'', uni klompok ''sts-'' (dadi ''s-''), lan wujud kawalikaning aksara swara "i" (''gi-gu'').{{sfn|Hill|2010a}}
 == Pranata kasus ==
-Morfologi kasus awujud sandhangan (''afiks'') tumrap kabèh frasa nomina, dudu tembung-tembung tunggal (''Gruppenflexion''). Basa Tibèt Kuna nduwèni sepuluh kasus padha kayata basa Tibèt Klasik:<span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012_3-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012_3-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2012-3|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[3]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012_3-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012_3-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false"></span>
+Morfologi kasus awujud sandhangan (''afiks'') tumrap kabèh frasa nomina, dudu tembung-tembung tunggal (''Gruppenflexion''). Basa Tibèt Kuna nduwèni sepuluh kasus padha kayata basa Tibèt Klasik:{{sfn|Hill|2012}}
 * absolutif (legena, tanpa tetenger morfologis)
 * [[Kasus génitif|gènitif]] (གི་ -''gi'',  གྱི་ -''gyi'', ཀྱི་ -''kyi'', འི་ -'' 'i'', ཡི་ -''yi'')
@@ Larik 34: / Larik 35: @@
 * élatif (ལས་ -''las'')
 * komparatif (བས་ -''bas'')
-Nanging mangkono, sanajan lokatif, alatif, lan terminatif alon-alon kaguwang saka basa Tibèt Klasik (lan kaanggep tradhisi tatabasa purwa ''la don bdun''), saben kasus iki nduwé piguna dhéwé-dhéwé ana ing basa Tibèt Kuna.<span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2011_4-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2011_4-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2011-4|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[4]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2011_4-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2011_4-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false"></span>
+Nanging mangkono, sanajan lokatif, alatif, lan terminatif alon-alon kaguwang saka basa Tibèt Klasik (lan kaanggep tradhisi tatabasa purwa ''la don bdun''), saben kasus iki nduwé piguna dhéwé-dhéwé ana ing basa Tibèt Kuna.{{sfn|Hill|2011}}
 Juru tatabasa Tibèt Tradhisional ora mbédakaké tetenger kasus kayata mangkéné, nanging nggolongaké morfèm-morfèm kasus iki (kajaba ''-dang'' karo ''-bas'') dadi wolung kasus miturut basa [[Basa Sangskreta|Sangskreta]].
 == Tembung sesulih ==
-Ana telung tembung sesulih kapisan tunggal ana ing basa Tibèt Kuna: ང་ ''nga'', བདག་ ''bdag'', lan ཁོ་བོ་ ''kho-bo'', lan telung tembung sesulih kapisan jamak: ངེད་ ''nged'', བདག་ཅག་ ''bdag-cag'', lan འོ་སྐོལ་ '' 'o-skol''. Tembung sesulih kapindho ana rong tembung tunggal ཁྱོད་ ''khyod'' karo ཁྱོ(ན)་འདའ་  ''khyo(n)-'da''' lan satembung jamak ཁྱེད་ ''khyed''.<span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010b_5-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010b_5-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010b-5|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[5]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010b_5-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010b_5-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false"></span>
+Ana telung tembung sesulih kapisan tunggal ana ing basa Tibèt Kuna: ང་ ''nga'', བདག་ ''bdag'', lan ཁོ་བོ་ ''kho-bo'', lan telung tembung sesulih kapisan jamak: ངེད་ ''nged'', བདག་ཅག་ ''bdag-cag'', lan འོ་སྐོལ་ '' 'o-skol''. Tembung sesulih kapindho ana rong tembung tunggal ཁྱོད་ ''khyod'' karo ཁྱོ(ན)་འདའ་  ''khyo(n)-'da''' lan satembung jamak ཁྱེད་ ''khyed''.{{sfn|Hill|2010b}}
 == Rujukan ==
+=== Cathetan sikil ===
-{{Reflist|colwidth = 20em}}'''Karya sing dipethik'''
+{{Reflist|2}}
-* <cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHill2010a" contenteditable="false">Hill, Nathan W. (2010a), [http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf "Overview of Old Tibetan synchronic phonology"] (PDF), ''Transactions of the Philological Society'' '''108''' (2): 110–125, [[Pangidhèntifikasi Obyèk Digital|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.2010.01234.x|10.1111/j.1467-968X.2010.01234.x]], [http://web.archive.org/web/20130728192422/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Old+Tibetan+synchronic+phonology&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F8964%2F1%2FHill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.2010.01234.x&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.pages=110-125&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=108" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;</span>
-* <cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHill2010b" contenteditable="false">&#x2014;&#x2014; (2010b), [http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/11618/1/Hill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf "Personal pronouns in Old Tibetan"] (PDF), ''Journal Asiatique'' '''298''' (2): 549–571, [[Pangidhèntifikasi Obyèk Digital|doi]]:[[doi:10.2143/JA.298.2.2062444|10.2143/JA.298.2.2062444]], [http://web.archive.org/web/20130801033716/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/11618/1/Hill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan&rft.atitle=Personal+pronouns+in+Old+Tibetan&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F11618%2F1%2FHill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FJA.298.2.2062444&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.pages=549-571&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=298" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;</span>
+=== Karya sing dipethik ===
-* <cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHill2011" contenteditable="false">&#x2014;&#x2014; (2011), "The allative, locative, and terminative cases (''la-don'') in the Old Tibetan Annals", [http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/70589/1/Old+Tibatan3-01.pdf ''New Studies in the Old Tibetan Documents: Philology, History and Religion''] (PDF), Old Tibetan Documents Online Monograph Series '''3''', Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, pp.&nbsp;3–38.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan&rft.atitle=The+allative%2C+locative%2C+and+terminative+cases+%28la-don%29+in+the+Old+Tibetan+Annals&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.btitle=New+Studies+in+the+Old+Tibetan+Documents%3A+Philology%2C+History+and+Religion&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.tufs.ac.jp%2Fbitstream%2F10108%2F70589%2F1%2FOld%2BTibatan3-01.pdf&rft.pages=3-38&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Research+Institute+for+Languages+and+Cultures+of+Asia+and+Africa%2C+Tokyo+University+of+Foreign+Studies&rft.series=Old+Tibetan+Documents+Online+Monograph+Series&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=3" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;</span>
+* {{citation | first = Nathan W. | last = Hill | title = Overview of Old Tibetan synchronic phonology | journal = Transactions of the Philological Society | volume = 108 | issue = 2 | year = 2010a | pages = 110–125 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.2010.01234.x | url = http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20130728192422/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf | archivedate = 28 July 2013 | deadurl = no | postscript = . }}
-* <cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHill2012" contenteditable="false">&#x2014;&#x2014; (2012), [http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14122/1/Hill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf "Tibetan ''-las'', ''-nas'', and ''-bas''"] (PDF), ''Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale'' '''41''' (1): 3–38, [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HCv6x1ukQykJ:eprints.soas.ac.uk/14122/1/Hill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 2014.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan&rft.atitle=Tibetan+-las%2C+-nas%2C+and+-bas&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F14122%2F1%2FHill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+Linguistique+Asie+Orientale&rft.pages=3-38&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=41" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;</span>
+* {{citation | first = Nathan W. | last = Hill | authormask = 2 | title = Personal pronouns in Old Tibetan | journal = Journal Asiatique | volume = 298 | issue = 2 | year = 2010b | pages = 549–571 | doi = 10.2143/JA.298.2.2062444 | url = http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/11618/1/Hill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20130801033716/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/11618/1/Hill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf | archivedate = 1 August 2013 | deadurl = no | postscript = . }}
-* <cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHodge1993" contenteditable="false">Hodge, Stephen (1993), ''An Introduction to Classical Tibetan'' (revised ed.</cite><cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHodge1993" contenteditable="false">), Warminster: Aris & Phillips, ISBN&nbsp;978-0-85668-548-4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Classical+Tibetan&rft.date=1993&rft.edition=revised&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-85668-548-4&rft.place=Warminster&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;</span>
+* {{citation | first = Nathan W. | last = Hill | authormask = 2 | contribution = The allative, locative, and terminative cases (''la-don'') in the Old Tibetan Annals | title = New Studies in the Old Tibetan Documents: Philology, History and Religion | location = Tokyo | publisher = Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies | series = Old Tibetan Documents Online Monograph Series | volume = 3 | year = 2011 | pages = 3–38 | url = http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/70589/1/Old+Tibatan3-01.pdf | postscript = . }}
+* {{citation | first = Nathan W. | last = Hill | authormask = 2 | title = Tibetan ''-las'', ''-nas'', and ''-bas'' | journal = Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | year = 2012 | pages = 3–38 | url = http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14122/1/Hill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf | archiveurl = http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HCv6x1ukQykJ:eprints.soas.ac.uk/14122/1/Hill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf | archivedate = 2014 | deadurl = no | postscript = . }}
+* {{citation | first = Stephen | last = Hodge | title = An Introduction to Classical Tibetan | edition = revised | year = 1993 | publisher = Aris & Phillips | place = Warminster | isbn = 978-0-85668-548-4 | postscript = . }}
 == Pranala njaba ==