Hak manungsa ing Chad

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Hak manungsa ing Chad diandharaké nduwé setatus kang "ala"; tuladhané, Freedom House netepaké Chad minangka "Ora Mardika" ing sajroning hak manungsa.[1][2] Chad éntuk skor 7 ing hak pulitik lan 6 ing kamardikan sipil (skor 1 ing kéné iku paling mardika, senadyan skor 7 iku paling ora mardika).[2]

Miturut Dhépartemen Jaba Nagari Amérika Sarékat, "Cathetan praktik hak manungsa kang ala déning pamaréntah malah samsaya ala saben tauné; pasukan kamanan nindakaké akèh planggaran hak manungsa kang temenan." Planggaran kang katindakaké antarané ya iku pepati ing jaba ukum, njotosi, nyiksa, lan ruda peksa déning pasukan kamanan; matesi kamardikan wicara, pèrs, lan sarékat; panangkepan lan panahanan sawenang-wenang; lan korupsi kang ambek sawenang-wenang.[1] Pasukan kamanan nindakaké tumindak mangkono lan planggaran liyané, nanging mèh ora tau kena pidana.[1][3][4][5]

Amnesty International nglapuraké yèn "Kaanan ora aman sumebar ing Chad pérangan wétan kang kaanané mbebayani tumrap wong wadon, kang nandhang planggaran hak manungsa, kaya ta ruda peksa nalika désané diserang"[4] déning milisi Janjawid saka Sudan. Wong wadon ngalami diskriminasi lan piala. Sunat pawadonaning wong wadon–kang satemené ilégal–isih akèh katindakaké.[2] Tumindak ala marang wartawan lan aktivis hak manungsa uga kadhokumèntasi[4] saha panganggoning wadyabala bocah cilik déning pasukan kamanan Chad kang kalapuraké déning pirang-pirang organisasi hak manungsa.[1][6][7]

Transparency International ndadèkaké Chad minangka salah siji nagara paling korup ing donya. Ing 2007, Chad éntuk skor 1,8 saka 10 ing Indhèks Persèpsi Korupsi (skor 10 iku kang paling ora korup). Mung Tonga, Uzbèkistan, Haiti, Irak, Myanmar, lan Somalia kang skoré luwih asor.[8] Uga kritik marang tilas Présidhèn Idriss Déby ngenani tuduhan kronisme lan pilih kasih marang ètnisé dhéwé, wong Zaghawa.[9] Pamilu ing Mèi 2006—Déby mimpang ing masa jabatan kateluné—diboikot déning oposisi, ngritik yèn asil pamilu iku curang.[10] Pamilu sadurungé ing 2006 uga dikritik mawa alesan kang padha, dianggep curang déning péhak oposisi, senadyan ta ana tim pangamat saka nagara asing kang ngandharaké yèn pamungutan swara katindakaké "tanpa masalah utawa intimidasi kang gedhé".[11][12][13]

Kaanan historis[besut | besut sumber]

Ing isor iki kapacak bagan peringkat Chad awit 1972 ing lapuran Freedom in the World kang dibabar taunan déning Freedom House. Peringkat 1 iku "mardika"; 7, "ora mardika".[14]1

Prajanjèn internasional[besut | besut sumber]

Solahé Chad ngenani prajanjèn hak manungsa internasional:

Uga delengen[besut | besut sumber]

Cathetan[besut | besut sumber]

1.^ Gatèkna yèn "Taun" ing kéné satemené "Taun nalika dilapuraké". Mangkono iku, katrangan kang tinengeran taun 2008 iku lapuran kang dibabar taun 2009, lan sabanjuré.
2.^ Per 1 Januari.
3.^ Lapuran taun 1982 ngrakup taun 1981 lan paruh kapisan taun 1982, lan lapuran taun 1984 sabanjuré ngrakup paruh kapindho taun 1982 lan sakabèhing taun 1983. Kanggo kaprasajan, rong lapuran "setaun setengah" kang nyimpang iki wis dipisah dadi lapuran telung taun lumantar interpolasi.

Rujukan[besut | besut sumber]

  1. ↑ a b c d "Chad" Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006. United States Department of State. Accessed on September 4, 2007.
  2. ↑ a b c Chad (2007) Freedom House. Accessed on September 4, 2007.
  3. ↑ Chad: Events of 2006 Archived 2008-11-10 at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Watch. Accessed on September 4, 2007.
  4. ↑ a b c Annual Report: Chad Archived 2011-02-18 at the Wayback Machine. Amnesty International. Accessed on September 4, 2007.
  5. ↑ "Resolution on the Human Rights Situation in the Republic of Chad - ACHPR/Res.541 (LXXIII) 2022". The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR), African Union (AU). 12 Dhésèmber 2022. Diarsip saka asliné ing 15 Mèi 2023. Dibukak ing 15 Mèi 2023.
  6. ↑ "Chad: Government Keeps Children in Army Ranks" Archived 2008-11-10 at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Watch. Accessed on September 4, 2007.
  7. ↑ "Chad: Army Forcibly Recruiting Youths, Rights Group Says" allAfrica.com. Accessed on December 16, 2007
  8. ↑ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2007" Archived 2008-04-28 at the Wayback Machine. Transparency International. Accessed on December 16, 2007.
  9. ↑ "'Isolated' Déby clings to power" BBC News. April 13, 2006. Accessed on September 4, 2007.
  10. ↑ Country profile: Chad BBC News. Last updated: August 28, 2007. Accessed on September 4, 2007.
  11. ↑ "Deby re-elected president of Chad" Archived 2009-08-23 at the Wayback Machine. CNN. May 28, 2001. Accessed on September 4, 2007.
  12. ↑ "Deby claims Chad electoral victory" BBC News. May 28, 2001. Accessed on September 4, 2007.
  13. ↑ Background Note: Chad United States Department of State. Accessed on September 4, 2007.
  14. ↑ Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Dibukak ing 2012-08-22.
  15. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 20 October 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  16. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 11 February 2011. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  17. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 17 September 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  18. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 1 September 2010. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  19. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2012-10-21. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  20. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2012-10-20. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  21. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 18 July 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  22. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 23 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  23. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 8 November 2010. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  24. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 11 February 2014. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  25. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 20 October 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  26. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 25 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  27. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2011-05-20. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  28. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2016-04-25. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  29. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2013-12-13. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  30. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 19 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  31. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 13 January 2016. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  32. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2012-08-21. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  33. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2012-07-18. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  34. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 25 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

Pranala jaba[besut | besut sumber]

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