Deleng sumberé Obahan Non-Blok

[[Gambar:NAM Members.svg|thumb|240px|Nagara-nagara anggota Obahan Non-Blok (2005). Werna biru nom minangka nagara peninjau.]]

'''Obahan Non-Blok''' ('''GNB''') ([[basa Inggris]]: ''Non-Aligned Movement''/NAM) iku [[organisasi internasional]] sing dumadi saka punjul 100 nagara-nagara sing ora nganggep duwé aliansi karo utawa marang [[blok]] kakuwatan gedhé sing endi waé. Tujuan saka organisasi iki, kaya sing kacetha ing ''Deklarasi Havana taun 1979'', ya iku kanggo njamin "kamardikan, kadhaulatan, integritas teritorial, lan kaamanan nagara-nagara nonblok" sajeroning perjuangan nentang [[imperialisme]], [[kolonialisme]], [[neo-kolonialisme]], [[apartheid]], [[Zionisme]], [[rasisme]] lan wangun agresi militèr liyané, pendhudhukan, dominasi, interferensi utawa [[hegemoni]] lan nentang warna-warna wangun blok pulitik.<ref>[http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro/1979/19791012 Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman of the nonaligned countries movement 12 October 1979] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611014358/http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro/1979/19791012 |date=11 June 2011 }} "''For this reason we agreed in Havana to reaffirm that the quintessence of the nonalinement policy, in accordance with its original principles and fundamental nature, is the struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, apartheid, racism, including Zionism''."<br />‡[http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/I_Agreements/pakistan___non-aligned_movemen.html Pakistan & Non-Aligned Movement], ''Board of Investment-[[Government of Pakistan]]'', 2003</ref> Mereka merepresentasikan 55 persèn penduduk donya dan hampir 2/3 keangotaan [[PBB]]. Nagara-nagara yang telah menyelenggarakan konferènsi tingkat tinggi (KTT) Non-Blok kalebu [[Yugoslavia]], [[Mesir]], [[Zambia]], [[Aljazair]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Kuba]], [[India]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Indonésia]], [[Kolombia]], [[Afrika Kidul]] lan [[Malaysia]].

Anggota-anggota wigati antarané [[Yugoslavia]], [[India]], [[Mesir]], [[Indonésia]], [[Pakistan]], [[Kuba]], [[Kolombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Afrika Kidul]], [[Iran]], [[Malaysia]], lan kanggo siji mangsa, [[Républik Rakyat Cina]]. Sanadyan organisasi iki dimaksudaké supaya dadi aliansi sing raket kaya déné [[NATO]] utawa [[Pakta Warsawa]], nagara-nagara anggotané ora naté duwé karaketan kaya sing dikarepaké lan akèh anggotané sing sidané diajak aliansi déning salah siji nagara-nagara adidaya mau. Upamané, Kuba duwé gegayutan sing cedhak karo [[Uni Soviet]] ing mangsa Perang Dingin. Utawa [[India]] sing duwé pasekuton karo [[Uni Soviet]] kanggo nglawan [[Tiongkok]] sajeroning sawatara taun. Luwih luwih manèh, ana sawatara anggota malah kalibat konflik karo anggota liyané, kaya umpamané konflik antara India karo Pakistan, Iran karo Irak. Obahan iki tau pecah nalika [[Uni Soviet]] nginvasi [[Afghanistan]] ing taun [[1979]]. Nalika iku, kabèh sekuthu Soviet njurung invasi, sauntara iku anggota GNB, mligi nagara kanthi mayoritas [[muslim]], ora mungkin amarga anané prajanjèn [[nonintervensi]].

== Sajarah ==

Tembung "Non-Blok" diwanuhaké pisanan déning [[Nayakotama]] [[India]] [[Nehru]] sajeroning pidatoné taun [[1954]] ing [[Colombo]], [[Sri Langka]]. Sajeroning sesorah iku, Nehru njlèntrèhaké limang pilar sing bisa digunakaké minangka pedoman kanggo gawé [[rélasi Sino-India]] sing ingaran [[Panchsheel]] (lima pengendali). Prinsip iki banjur digunakaké minangka basis saka Obahan Non-Blok. Limang prinsip mau ya iku:

# Saling ngurmati integritas teritorial lan [[kadhaulatan]].
# Prajanjèn non-agresi
# Ora ngintervensi urusan jeron nagari nagara liya
# Kasetaraan lan kauntungan bebarengan
# Naga perdamaian

Obahan Non-Blok dhéwé diwiwiti saka sawijining [[Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Asia-Afrika|konferènsi sing dianakaké ing [[Bandung]], [[Indonésia]], taun [[1955]]. Ing konferènsi iki, nagara-nagara sing ora mihak marang blok tinamtu ndéklarasèkaké ora mèlu cawé-cawé sajeroning konfrontasi ideologi Kulon-Wétan. Pendhiri saka obahan iki ya iku limang pemimpin donya: [[Tito|Josip Broz Tito]] présidhèn [[Yugoslavia]], [[Soekarno]] présidhèn [[Indonésia]], [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]] présidhèn [[Mesir]], [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] nayakotama [[India]], lan [[Kwame Nkrumah]] saka [[Ghana]].

Obahan iki naté kélangan kredibilitas ing pungkasan taun[[1960]]-an nalika anggota-anggotané wiwit kapecah lan gabung marang Blok liya, mligi Blok Wétan. Muncul pitakonan kepriyé sawijining nagara sing bersekuthu karo Uni Soviet kaya Kuba bisa ngeklaim minangka sawijining nagara nonblok. Obahan iki sabanjuré kapecah ing mangsa invasi Soviet marang Afghanistan taun 1979.

== Patemon GNB ==
Sacara normal, patemon GNB dianakaké saben telung taun sapisan. Nagara sing tau dadi tuan omah KTT GNB antarané: [[Yugoslavia]], [[Mesir]], [[Zambia]], [[Aljazair]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Kuba]], [[India]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Indonésia]], [[Kolombia]], [[Afrika Kidul]], lan [[Malaysia]]. Lumrahé sawisé nganakaké konferènsi, kepala nagara utawa kepala papréntahan sing dadi tuan omah konferènsi iku bakal dadi ketua obahan kanggo mangsa kalungguhan telung taun.
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Pertemuan berikutnya diadakan di [[Kairo]] pada [[1964]]. Pertemuan tersebut dihadiri 56 nagara anggota di mana anggota-anggota barunya datang dari nagara-nagara merdeka baru di Afrika. Kebanyakan dari pertemuan itu digunakan untuk mendiskusikan [[konflik Arab-Israèl]] dan [[Perang India-Pakistan]].

Pertemuan pertama GNB terjadi di [[Beograd]] pada September [[1961]] dan dihadiri oleh 25 anggota, masing-masing 11 dari [[Asia]] dan [[Afrika]] bersama dengan [[Yugoslavia]], [[Kuba]] dan [[Siprus]]. Kelompok ini mendedikasikan dirinya untuk melawan [[kolonialisme]], [[imperialisme]] dan [[neo-kolonialisme]].

Pertemuan pada tahun [[1969]] di [[Lusaka]] dihadiri oleh 54 nagara dan merupakan salah satu yang paling penting dengan obahan tersebut membentuk sebuah organisasi permanen untuk menciptakan hubungan ékonomi dan politik. [[Kenneth Kauda]] memainkan peranan yang penting dalam even-even tersebut.

Pertemuan paling baru (ke-13) diadakan di Malaysia dari 20-25 Februari 2003. Namun, GNB kini tampak semakin tidak mempunyai relevansi sejak berakhirnya Perang Dingin.
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The next meeting was held in [[Cairo]] in [[1964]].  It was attended by forty-six nations, with most of the new members being newly independent African states.  Much of the meeting involved discussions about the [[Arab-Israèli conflict]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani Wars|Indo-Pakistani conflict]].

The [[1970]] meeting in [[Lusaka]] was attended by fifty-four nations and was one of the most important with the movement forming a permanent organization to foster economic and political ties. [[Zambia|Zambia's]] president for life, [[Kenneth Kaunda]], played a crucial role in these events.

The [[1973]] meeting in [[Algiers]] saw the movement deal with new economic realities.  The [[1973 energy crisis|1973 world oil shock]] had made some of its members vastly richer than the others.  The end of the attachment of the U.S. currency to gold, and the dollar's subsequent devaluation, also removed one of the group's largest complaints.

During the [[1976]] meeting in [[Colombo, Sri Lanka]], members were quick to condemn the United States for an "unprovoked attack on North Korean guards, led by American officers", as presented by [[Kim Jong-Il]], the son of North Korea Leader [[Kim Il-Sung]]. A resolution, asking the conference to condemn that day's grave U.S. provocation and calling on participants to endorse both the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Korea and the dissolution of the [[United Nations Command (Korea)|United Nations Command]] (UNC), was presented within four hours of the incident, seconded by Cuba, and passed. Afterwards, as more details emerged, it turned out that North Korean guards had started the incident, and out-numbering the UNC forces almost three to one, had killed two American officers.<ref>''[http://www.vfwpost7591.org/Chapter-12.html Hazardous Duty]'' - [[John K. Singlaub|Singlaub, John K.]], Major General, chapter 12 (partial reprint with author's permission)</ref>

The [[1979]] meeting in [[Havana]] saw the movement discussing the merits of a "natural alliance" seen by many between the NAM and the Soviet Union. Under the leadership of [[Fidel Castro]], the Summit discussed the concept of an anti-imperialist alliance with the Soviet Union. Prime Minister [[Michael Manley]] of [[Jamaica]] gave a well-received pro-Soviet speech. Among other things he said, "All anti-imperialists know that the balance of forces in the world shifted irrevocably in [[1917]] when there was a movement and a man in the [[October Revolution]], and [[Lenin]] was the man." Manley also praised Fidel Castro as "humane" and credited him for strengthening the forces committed to the struggle against imperialism in the Western Hemisphere. ''The final declaration also condemned the Camp David peace accords as an abandonment of the cause of the Arab peoples and an act of complicity with the continued occupation of Arab territories''.

The [[2006]] meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement took place in [[Havana]] and [[Fidel Castro]] was elected President of the Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/200609/16/eng20060916_303402.html|title=People's Daily Online -- Castro elected President of Non-Aligned Movement Nations|website=en.people.cn|access-date=2021-09-01}}</ref>. He was, however, unable to make an official appearance at the summit, having recently undergone gastric surgery. The job of host was assumed by Fidel's younger brother [[Raúl Castro]], who had been the acting president of [[Cuba]] since [[2006 Cuban transfer of presidential duties|his brother's operation]]. The summit ended with a declaration that condemned what many members saw as [[Israèl]]'s disproportionate military response to the kidnapping of two of its soldiers by the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] militant group [[Hezbollah]] (see [[2006 Israèl-Lebanon conflict]]), called upon the [[United Nations]] to be more representative of its smaller member nations, gave support to [[Iran]]'s nuclear energy plans, and criticized many of [[United States]]' foreign policies<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5353336.stm|title=Cuba summit sends strong message|date=2006-09-17|access-date=2021-09-01|language=en-GB}}</ref>. In section 119.14, the Nonaligned movement stated that the United States list of state-sponsors of terrorism was "a form of psychological and political terrorism" directed against members of the Non-Aligned Movement. The next NAM summit has been announced to be held in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].
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==== Papan lan tanggal KTT GNB ====
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Beograd.jpg|thumb|right|400px|First NAM Summit in Beograd, September&nbsp;1961]] -->
* KTT I – [[Beograd]], [[1 September]] [[1961]] – [[6 September]] [[1961]]
* KTT II – [[Kairo]], [[5 Oktober]] [[1964]] – [[10 Oktober]] [[1964]]
* KTT II – [[Lusaka]], [[8 September]] [[1970]] –&nbsp;[[10 September]] [[1970]]
* KTT IV – [[Algiers]], [[5 September]] [[1973]] – [[9 September]] [[1973]]
* KTT V – [[Kolombo]], [[16 Agustus]] [[1976]] – [[19 Agustus]] [[1976]]
* KTT VI – [[Havana]], [[3 September]] [[1979]] – [[9 September]] [[1979]]
* KTT VII – [[New Delhi]], [[7 Maret]] [[1983]] – [[12 Maret]] [[1983]]
* KTT VIII – [[Harare]], [[1 September]] [[1986]] – [[6 September]] [[1986]]
* KTT IX – [[Beograd]], [[4 September]] [[1989]] – [[7 September]] [[1989]]
* KTT X – [[Jakarta]], [[1 September]] [[1992]] – [[7 September]] [[1992]]
* KTT XI – [[Cartagena de Indias]], [[18 Oktober]] [[1995]] – [[20 Oktober]] [[1995]]
* KTT XII – [[Durban]], [[2 September]] [[1998]] – [[3 September]] [[1998]]
* KTT XIII – [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[20 Fèbruari]] [[2003]] – [[25 Fèbruari]] [[2003]]
* KTT XIV – [[Havana]], [[11 September]] [[2006]] – [[16 September]] [[2006]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html |title=Official Website of 14th Summit Conference |access-date=2008-08-24 |archive-date=2006-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105092123/http://www.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Sekretaris Jendral ==

{|border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 <!--width=100%-->
|-valign=top bgcolor=#99CCFF
|colspan="4" align=center|'''Sekretaris Jendral Obahan Non-Blok'''
|-bgcolor=#99CCFF align=center
|'''Jeneng'''
|'''Asal nagara'''
|'''Wiwit'''
|'''Nganti'''
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Tito]]
| {{flagcountry|Yugoslavia}}
| [[1961]]
| [[1964]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
| {{flagcountry|Mesir}}
| [[1964]]
| [[1970]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Kenneth Kaunda]]
| {{flagcountry|Zambia}}
| [[1970]]
| [[1973]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
|[[Houari Boumédienne]]
|{{flagcountry|Aljeria}}
| [[1973]]
| [[1976]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
|[[William Gopallawa]]
| {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
| [[1976]]
|[[1978]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Junius Richard Jayawardene]]
| {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
| [[1978]]
| [[1979]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
|[[Fidel Castro]]
| {{flagcountry|Kuba}}
| [[1979]]
|[[1983]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[N. Sanjiva Reddy]]
|{{flagcountry|India}}
| [[1983]]
| [[1982]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Zail Singh]]
| {{flagcountry|India}}
| [[1982]]
| [[1986]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Robert Mugabe]]
|{{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
| [[1986]]
|[[1989]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
|[[Janez Drnovšek]]
|{{flagcountry|Yugoslavia}}
|[[1989]]
|[[1990]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
|[[Stipe Mesić]]
|{{flagcountry|Yugoslavia}}
|[[1991]] 
|[[1991]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Branko Kostić]]
|{{flagcountry|Yugoslavia}}
| [[1991]]
| [[1992]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Dobrica Ćosić]]
|{{flagcountry|Yugoslavia}}
|[[1992]]
|[[1992]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
|[[Suharto]]
| {{flagcountry|Indonésia}}
|[[1992]]
|[[1995]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Ernesto Samper Pizano]]
|{{flagcountry|Kolombia}}
| [[1995]]
|[[1998]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Andrés Pastrana Arango]]
|{{flagcountry|Kolombia}}
| [[1998]]
| 1998
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Nelson Mandela]]
|{{flagcountry|Afrika Kidul}}
| [[1998]]
|[[1999]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Thabo Mbeki]]
|{{flagcountry|Afrika Kidul}}
| [[1999]]
|[[2003]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
|[[Datuk Seri Mahathir bin Mohammad]]
| {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| [[2003]]
| 2003
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
|{{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| [[2003]]
| [[2006]]
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Fidel Castro]]
| {{flagcountry|Kuba}}
| [[2008]]
|
|-bgcolor=#99FFFF
| [[Raúl Castro]]
| {{flagcountry|Kuba}}
| [[2008]]
|
|}

== Anggota ==
{{Non-Blok}}

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.nam.gov.za/ Situs resmi]
* [http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#1.1%20History Sejarah Obahan Non-Blok]

[[Kategori:Organisasi internasional]]
[[Kategori:Obahan pulitik|Non-Blok]]