Kemangga

Kemangga, angga-angga Kalamangsa: 319–0 Ma PraЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Carboniferous to Recent
Angga-angga panenun ing tengah jaringé
Klasifikasi ngèlmiah
Karajan:	Animalia
Filum:	Arthropoda
Subfilum:	Chelicerata
Unranked:	Arachnomorpha
Klas:	Arachnida
Ordho:	Araneae Clerck, 1757
Suborders
Mesothelae Mygalomorphae Araneomorphae  delengen Famili saka kemangga
Diversity
109 families, c. 40,000 species

Kemangga, (jeneng liya mangga utawa kalamangga, sok-sokan angga-angga), iku sajinis kéwan kanthi awak ros-rosan (Arthropoda) mawa rong sègmèn badan, patang pasang sikil, ora duwé sewiwi lan ora duwé cangkem pamamah. Kabèh jinis angga-angga digolongaké ing ordho Araneae; lan padha karo kalajengking, tumo, caplak lan kerabaté—kabèh sing sikilé wolu—dilebokaké ing kelas Arachnida. Elmu sing nyinaoni ngenani angga-angga yaiku arachnologi.

Angga-angga wujud kéwan pamangsa (karnivora), malah kadhang uga kanibal. Mangsa mligi yaiku gegremet. Mèh kabèh jinis angga-angga, kajaba watara 150 spésies saka suku Uloboridae lan Holarchaeidae, lan subordo Mesothelae, bisa nyuntikaké wisa liwat sapasang taringé marang mungsuh utawa mangsané. Sanadyan mangkono, saka puluhan éwu spésies sing ana, mung watara 200 spésies kang wisane bisa mbebayani kanggo manungsa.

Ora kabèh angga-angga gawé sawang kanggo nyekel mangsa, nanging kabèh bisa ngasilaké bolah sutra utawa lamat—yaiku leran serat protéin sing tipis nanging kuwat—saka klanjer (ingaran spinneret) sing ana ing pérangan mburi badané. Serat sutra iki banget migunani kanggo mbiyantu obahé angga-angga, ngayun saka papan siji menyang papan liyané, njiret mangsa, nggawé kanthong endhog, nglindhungi bolongan susuh, lan liya-liyané.

Morfologi

Anatomi angga-angga:
(1) patang pasang sikil
(2) cephalothorax
(3) opisthosoma

Ora kaya gegremet sing duwé telung pérangan badan, angga-angga mung duwé loro. Sègmèn pérangan ngarep diarani cephalothorax utawa prosoma, sing sabeneré wujud gabungan saka endhas lan dhadha (thorax). Éwadéné sègmèn pérangan mburi diarani abdomen (weteng) utawa opisthosoma. Antara cephalothorax lan abdomen ana panyambung tipis sing dijenengi pedicle utawa pedicellus.

Ing cephalothorax ana patang pasang sikil, lan siji tekan patang pasang mata. Saliyané sapasang rahang kanthi suing gedhé (diarani chelicera), ana uga sapasang utawa sapérangan piranti pambiyantu cangkem sarupa tangan sing diarani pedipalpus. Ing sapérangan jinis angga-angga, pedipalpus ing kéwan lanang diwasa saya gedhé lan malih fungsiné minangka piranti pambiyantu nalika kawin.

Angga-angga ora duwé cangkem utawa untu kanggo mamah. Minangka gantiné, cangkem angga-angga wujud piranti panyedhot kanggo nyedhot cuwèran badan mangsané.

Piranti ngrasa

Mata angga-angga lumrahé wujud mata tunggal (mata mawa lensa tunggal), lan dudu mata majemuk kaya ing gegremet. Akèh-akèhé angga-angga duwé pandelengan sing ora patiya apik, ora bisa mbédakaké warna, utawa mung sing sensitive marang padhang lan peteng. Angga-angga sing manggon ing guwa malah ana sing wuta. Kejaba ing sapérangan angga-angga pamburu sing duwé pandelengan tajem lan apik, kalebu nalika ngenali warna.

Kanggo nengeri tekané mangsané, lumrahé angga-angga ngandhelaké geteran, ing jaring-jaring sutrané utawa ing lemah, banyu, utawa papan sing diéncoki. Ana uga angga-angga sing bisa ngrasakaké bédané tekanan udara. Piranti panggrayang angga-angga ana ing rambut-rambut sikilé.

Taksonomi

Familia kang kacithak kandel duwé siji utawa pira-pira spésies kang duwé wisa.

1

<10

>=10

>=100

>=1000

Spider families

(Oct 23, 2009)

Sub ordho	Superfamilia	Familia	Genus	Spesies	Jeneng umum	Conto
Mesothelae		Liphistiidae	5	85	segmented spiders	Kimura-gumo
Mygalomorphae	Mecicobothrioidea	Mecicobothriidae	4	9	dwarf tarantulas
		Microstigmatidae	7	15		Envia garciai
	Hexatheloidea	Hexathelidae	11	85	venomous funnel-web tarantulas	Sydney funnel-web spider
	Dipluroidea	Dipluridae	24	177	funnel-web tarantulas	Spruce-fir moss spider
	Nemesioidea	Nemesiidae	41	342		Black wishbone spider
	Theraphosoidea	Theraphosidae	116	909	tarantulas	Goliath birdeater
		Paratropididae	4	8	baldlegged spiders
	Barycheloidea	Barychelidae	44	300	trapdoor baboon spiders	Sason sundaicum
	Atypoidea	Atypidae	3	43	purse web spiders	Red legged purseweb spider
		Antrodiaetidae	2	32	folding trapdoor spiders	Atypoides riversi
	Cyrtauchenioidea	Cyrtaucheniidae	18	134	wafer trapdoor spiders	Aptostichus simus
	Idiopoidea	Idiopidae	22	297		Black rugose trapdoor spider
	Ctenizoidea	Ctenizidae	9	117	cork-lid trapdoor spiders	Cteniza sauvagesi
	Migoidea	Migidae	10	91	tree trapdoor spiders
		Actinopodidae	3	41		Mouse spider
Araneomorphae	Hypochiloidea	Hypochilidae	2	11	lampshade spiders	Hypochilus thorelli
	Austrochiloidea	Austrochilidae	7	16		Tasmanian cave spider
		Gradungulidae	7	16	large-clawed spiders	Carrai Cave Spider
	Filistatoidea	Filistatidae	17	110	crevice weavers	Southern house spider
	Scytodoidea	Drymusidae	1	15	false violin spiders
		Periegopidae	1	2
		Scytodidae	5	220	spitting spiders	Scytodes thoracica
		Sicariidae	2	121	recluse spiders	Brown recluse
	Leptonetoidea	Leptonetidae	15	199	leptonetid spiders	Tooth cave spider
		Ochyroceratidae	14	156	midget ground weavers	Theotima minutissima
		Telemidae	7	31	long-legged cave spiders
	Pholcoidea	Diguetidae	2	15	coneweb spiders
		Pholcidae	80	1036	daddy long-legs spiders	Daddy long-leg spider
		Plectreuridae	2	29	plectreurid spiders
	Caponioidea	Caponiidae	13	71		Two-eyed orange spider
		Tetrablemmidae	30	130	armored spiders
	Dysderoidea	Dysderidae	24	487	woodlouse hunter spiders	Woodlouse spider
		Oonopidae	73	503	dwarf hunting spiders	Oonops domesticus
		Orsolobidae	28	181
		Segestriidae	3	110	tubeweb spiders	Segestria florentina
	Eresoidea	Eresidae	10	94	velvet spiders	Ladybird spider
		Hersiliidae	12	159	tree trunk spiders	Two-tailed spider
		Oecobiidae	6	103	disc web spiders	Oecobius navus
	Archaeoidea	Archaeidae	3	37	pelican spiders	Assassin spider
		Holarchaeidae	1	2
		Mecysmaucheniidae	7	25
		Micropholcommatidae	8	34
		Pararchaeidae	7	34
	Palpimanoidea	Huttoniidae	1	1		Huttonia palpimanoides
		Palpimanidae	15	131	palp-footed spiders
		Stenochilidae	2	12
	Mimetoidea	Malkaridae	4	10	shield spiders
		Mimetidae	13	152	pirate spiders	Oarces reticulatus
	Uloboroidea	Deinopidae	4	57	net-casting spiders	Rufous net-casting spider
		Uloboridae	18	254	hackled orb-weaver	Uloborus walckenaerius
	Araneoidea	Anapidae	37	147
		Araneidae	167	2841	orb-weaver spiders	Zygiella x-notata
		Cyatholipidae	23	58
		Linyphiidae	583	4297	dwarf / money spiders	Blacktailed red sheetweaver
		Mysmenidae	24	123	spurred orb-weavers	Mysmenopsis furtiva
		Nesticidae	9	195	cave cobweb spiders	Nesticella marapu
		Pimoidae	4	33		Pimoa altioculata
		Symphytognathidae	7	56	dwarf orb-weavers	Patu digua
		Synaphridae	3	12
		Synotaxidae	14	70
		Tetragnathidae	47	912	long jawed orb-weavers	Orchard orb weaver
		Nephilidae	4	44	large-jawed spiders	Golden orb-web spider
		Theridiidae	109	2262	cobweb spiders	Black widow spider
		Theridiosomatidae	12	84	ray spiders	Theridiosoma gemmosum
	Lycosoidea	Ctenidae	40	468	tropical wolf spiders	Brazilian wandering spider
		Lycosidae	112	2293	wolf spiders	Lycosa tarentula
		Oxyopidae	9	417	lynx spiders	Green lynx spider
		Pisauridae	53	334	nursery web spiders	Fishing spiders
		Psechridae	2	26
		Senoculidae	1	31
		Stiphidiidae	22	136		Tartarus mullamullangensis
		Trechaleidae	18	97
		Zoridae	14	76
		Zorocratidae	5	42	zorocratid spiders
		Zoropsidae	12	75	zoropsid spiders	Zoropsis spinimana
	Agelenoidea	Agelenidae	42	508	araneomorph funnel-web spiders	Hobo spider
		Amphinectidae	32	159		Metaltella simoni
	Amaurobioidea	Amaurobiidae	74	731	tangled nest spiders	Callobius claustrarius
	Dictynoidea	Anyphaenidae	56	508	anyphaenid sac spiders	Yellow ghost spider
		Cybaeidae	12	162		Water spider
		Desidae	38	181	intertidal spiders	Foliage webbing spider
		Dictynidae	48	555	dictynid spiders	Nigma walckenaeri
		Hahniidae	26	236	dwarf sheet spiders
		Nicodamidae	9	29
	Sparassoidea	Sparassidae	83	1061	huntsman spiders	Avondale spider
	Selenopoidea	Selenopidae	5	193	wall spiders	Selenops radiatus
	Zodaroidea	Zodariidae	75	892	zodariid ground spiders	Zodarion germanicum
	Tengelloidea	Tengellidae	8	50	tengellid spiders
	incertae sedis	Chummidae	1	2
		Clubionidae	14	547	sac spiders	Clubiona trivialis
		Cycloctenidae	5	36
		Homalonychidae	1	3
		Miturgidae	28	346	long-legged sac spiders	Yellow sac spider
	Titanoecoidea	Phyxelididae	12	54
		Titanoecidae	5	43	titanoecid spiders	Goeldia obscura
	Gnaphosoidea	Ammoxenidae	4	18
		Cithaeronidae	2	6
		Gallieniellidae	10	48
		Gnaphosidae	112	2047	flat-bellied ground spiders	Drassodes lapidosus
		Lamponidae	23	192	white-tailed spiders	White-tailed spider
		Prodidomidae	30	302	long-spinneret ground spiders	Lygromma anops
		Trochanteriidae	19	152
	Thomisoidea	Philodromidae	27	520	philodromid crab spiders	Philodromus dispar
		Thomisidae	173	2040	crab spiders	Goldenrod spider
	Salticoidea	Salticidae	567	5192	jumping spiders	Zebra spider
	Corinnoidea	Corinnidae	80	940	dark sac spiders	Castianeira sp.
		Liocranidae	30	166	liocranid sac spiders
3	ca. 38	109	3747	40288		Total

Sources:

• The World Spider Catalog, Version 8.0 (families, species count)
• Synopsis of the described Araneae of the World (suborders)

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