Nagara Wa

Negara Wa
*Mēng Vax*
Negara Wa Mēng Vax
	Gendéra
	Negara Wa, sing diklaim UWSA (ijo),; lan Myanmar (abu-abu tuwa).
Kuthagara lan Kutha paling gedhé	Pangkham; 22°10′N 99°11′E / 22.167°N 99.183°E
Basa	Wa; Basa Cina
Budayawangsa	Wa
Papréntahan	Negara partai tunggal
• Presiden	Bao Youxiang (Tax Log Pang)
• Wakil Presiden	Xiao Minliang
Mardika saka Myanmar
• Deklarasi	17 April 1989
• Diperintah sacara rasmi dening Divisi Otonomi Wa	20 Agustus 2010
• Pangakuan	Pangakuan Diplomatik
• Banyu (%)	diabaikan
Population
• Pikira-kira	558,000[butuh sitiran]
• Ketebdunung	32.8/km2 (85.0/sq mi)
Artacihna	Renminbi
Laladan wektu	UTC+06:30
Nyetir ing	tengen
Kodhé bèl	+95 73

Nagara Wa (Wa: Mēng Vax utawa Meung Va; Basa Cina: 佤邦, pinyin: Wǎ Bāng; Basa Myanmar: ဝပြည်နယ်; Basa Jawa: ꧋ꦟꦒꦫꦮ꧉) ya iku sawijining negara kang ora misuwur ing Myanmar lan saiki ing ngisoré pangawasan Wilayah Khusus Wa 2 laladan Shan Lor.^[3]^[4] Ibukutha negara iki ing Pangkham (Basa Cina: 邦康, pinyin: Bāngkāng, mbiyen jenengé Panghsang, 邦桑). Jeneng Wa dijupuk saka kelompok etnis Wa, singdadi panyatur basa Austrosiatik.

Mayoritas wong Wa nganut kepracayan animisme. Ana sing agamané Kristen utawa Buddha, tapi jumlahé sithik. Biyen Wa dijuluki "Wa Liar" karo Tentara Inggris amarga akehe tukang paten wong.^[5]

Pulitik lan Masarakat

Negara Wa dipérang dumadi wilayah lor lan kidul kang kapisah siji lan sijine. Ing sisih kidul jembar laladané udakaral 13.000 km persegi (5.000 mil persegi) kang watesan karo Thailand lan dumadi 200.000 cacah jiwa.^[6] Gunggung laladan Nagara Wa ya iku 17,000 km² (6,600 sq mi). Tokoh pulitik nagara iki akèh-akèhé saka Wong Wa. Pamaréntah Wa nganggo sistem pulitik kaya Nagara Cina, ya iku nduwéni partai tunggal (Partai Persatuan Nagari Wa) lan komité sentral. Sacara de facto, Nagara Wa iku laladan swatantra (daerah otonom) saka Myanmar,^[7]^[8] sesambetan Myanmar lan Wa didasarké ing koeksistensi damai, ya iku Wa ngakoni pamaréntah pusat ngatur sekabehané nagara Myanmar.^[6]

Basa kerja ing Negara Wa ya iku Basa Cina.^[9]^[10]^[11] Basa Mandarin kidul-kulon lan Basa Wa dinggo basa padinan, nanging ing sekolahan, basa sing digunaaké yaku Basa Mandarin Standar. Giyaran TV ing nagara iki migunakaké Basa Mandarin Standar lan Basa Wa. Komoditas nagara iki sakèhé didol menyang Cina. Ing nagara iki Renminbi ditetepaké minangka mata uang. China Mobile dhuwéni jangkauan sinyal ing pirang-pirang papan ing negara Wa..^[6]

Subdivisi

Nagara Wa nduwéni 15 distrik.

Dhistrik Yiang Chen
Dhistrik Nawi
Dhistrik Gong Ming Shan
Dhistrik Gelong Ba
Dhistrik Kun Ma
Dhistrik Wang Len
Dhistrik Lien He

Dhistrik Yin Pan
Dhistrik Pang Yang
Dhistrik Ting Aw
Dhistrik Weng Kao
Dhistrik Pangh Sang
Dhistrik Mong Pawk
Dhistrik Mong Ngen
Dhistrik Hotao

Géografi

Negara iki wujudé gunung-gunung, kanthi èrèngan kang jero. Titik ngisor dhéwé udakara 600 meter saka dhuwuré permukaan sagara, kanthi titik dhuwur dhéwé luwih saka 3000 meter. Wiwitané, Nagara Wa gantungké marang prodhuksi opium.^[12] Kanthi sengkuyungan saka Cina, Negara Wa wiwit nganakaké nandur karet lan teh.^[13] Nagara iki ngolah 220.000 hektar karet.^[14] Amargi urbanisasi saka pucuk gunung menyang dataran kang gembur,^[15] pungkasané warga uga nandur jagung, pari, lan sayur-sayuran. Puluhan warga mati amargi kecilakan saka munggah gunung.^[14] Nagara Wa sacara ékonomi gumantung marang Cina, amarga njurung sacara finansial lan nekakaké penasihat militer lan gaman.^[16]^[17] Negara iki nduwéni wates karo Cina dawané 82 mil (133 km).^[18]

Rujukan

Sitiran

↑ "Archived copy". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2013-10-13. Dibukak ing 2015-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Quote: "Officially, Bao Youxiang is still the President of the Wa State Government and Commander-in-Chief of the United Wa State Army," said a Thai security officer, a ten-year veteran on the Thai-Burma border
↑ "A United Wa State Army (UWSA) delegation led by Vice President Xiao Minliang, Bao Youliang and Zhao Guo-ang left Panghsang for Lashio today". democracy for burma. Dibukak ing 29 Novèmber 2014.
↑ 2004-12-29, 佤帮双雄 Archived 2005-05-25 at the Wayback Machine., Phoenix TV
↑ Soldiers of Fortune Archived 2013-08-24 at the Wayback Machine., Time Magazine. Quote: In return for keeping the peace, the UWSA was given full autonomy over what the regime termed "Special Region No. 2," which Bao christened "Wa state."
↑ "Headhunting days are over for Myanmar's "Wild Wa"", Reuters, Sep 10, 2007.
↑ ^a ^b ^c 2011-10-13, 缅甸佤邦竟然是一个山寨版的中国 Archived 2016-11-26 at the Wayback Machine., 军情观察
↑ 2009年9月, 不透明さ増すミャンマー情勢:2010年総選挙に向けて Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine., IDE-JETRO
↑ 2011年11月15日, 地図にない街、ワ州潜入ルポが凄い『独裁者の教養』, エキサイトレビュー
↑ Interactive Myanmar Map Archived 2013-07-08 at the Wayback Machine., The Stimson Center
↑ Wa Archived 2013-09-15 at the Wayback Machine., Infomekong
↑ General Background of the Wa. Quote: The official languages (designated by the current UWSP administration) are Mandarin and Wa.
↑ Die Wa in Gefahr (German)
↑ "Xinhua General News Service: China develops more substitute crops for opium poppy in bordering countries"
↑ ^a ^b Myanmar's strongest ethnic armed group says drug label 'not fair'
↑ BURMA NACHRICHTEN 4/2005, 25. Februar (German). Quote: "Angaben der UN-Organisation zur Drogenbekämpfung UNODC und weiterer Beobachter zufolge droht durch die Ausführung des Plans zur Eliminierung des Opiumanbaus bis 2005 eine ernste humanitäre Krise der vom Opiumanbau abhängigen Bauern."
↑ China remains the UWSA's sole patron and arms supplier Archived 2012-07-17 at Archive.is
↑ World Politics Watch: On Myanmar-China border, tensions escalate between SPDC, narco-militias – Michael Black
↑ UWSA Talks Business, Drugs Cooperation with China

Sumber

Hideyuki Takano, The Shore Beyond Good and Evil: A Report from Inside Burma's Opium Kingdom (2002, Kotan, ISBN 0-9701716-1-7)
Andrew Marshall, The Trouser People: a Story of Burma in the Shadow of the Empire. London: Penguin; Washington: Counterpoint, 2002. ISBN 1-58243-120-5.
The Wa State, Burma The National Strategy Forum Review Archived 2016-01-11 at the Wayback Machine.
"Wa leader: UWSA able to defend itself". panglong.org. Shan Herald. 19 April 2012. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 12 September 2017. Dibukak ing 5 Mèi 2012.
Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). Traders of the Golden Triangle. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5.
Midnight in Burma. Ein Roman über die Tochter eines Generals im Wa-Staat, nicht gerade historisch mit vielen historischen Fehlern, aber sehr spannend geschrieben, Alex O'Brien. Asia Books ISBN 974-8303-58-6 (2001).
Dr. Ba Nyan, Who are the Wa? Archived 2016-05-08 at the Wayback Machine.

Pranala Jawi

(ing basa Cina) Wa state News Bureau(Sina blog)
(Standard Mandarin) Television news broadcast from Wa State
DEA Page
Wa - Burma Issues

Koordhinat: 22°10′N 99°00′E / 22.167°N 99.000°E / 22.167; 99.000

[1] "Archived copy". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2013-10-13. Dibukak ing 2015-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Quote: "Officially, Bao Youxiang is still the President of the Wa State Government and Commander-in-Chief of the United Wa State Army," said a Thai security officer, a ten-year veteran on the Thai-Burma border

[2] "A United Wa State Army (UWSA) delegation led by Vice President Xiao Minliang, Bao Youliang and Zhao Guo-ang left Panghsang for Lashio today". democracy for burma. Dibukak ing 29 Novèmber 2014.

[phoenix-3] 2004-12-29, 佤帮双雄 Archived 2005-05-25 at the Wayback Machine., Phoenix TV

[4] Soldiers of Fortune Archived 2013-08-24 at the Wayback Machine., Time Magazine. Quote: In return for keeping the peace, the UWSA was given full autonomy over what the regime termed "Special Region No. 2," which Bao christened "Wa state."

[5] "Headhunting days are over for Myanmar's "Wild Wa"", Reuters, Sep 10, 2007.

[jqgc-6] 2011-10-13, 缅甸佤邦竟然是一个山寨版的中国 Archived 2016-11-26 at the Wayback Machine., 军情观察

[7] 2009年9月, 不透明さ増すミャンマー情勢:2010年総選挙に向けて Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine., IDE-JETRO

[8] 2011年11月15日, 地図にない街、ワ州潜入ルポが凄い『独裁者の教養』, エキサイトレビュー

[9] Interactive Myanmar Map Archived 2013-07-08 at the Wayback Machine., The Stimson Center

[10] Wa Archived 2013-09-15 at the Wayback Machine., Infomekong

[11] General Background of the Wa. Quote: The official languages (designated by the current UWSP administration) are Mandarin and Wa.

[12] Die Wa in Gefahr (German)

[13] "Xinhua General News Service: China develops more substitute crops for opium poppy in bordering countries"

[not_fair-14] Myanmar's strongest ethnic armed group says drug label 'not fair'

[nachrichten-15] BURMA NACHRICHTEN 4/2005, 25. Februar (German). Quote: "Angaben der UN-Organisation zur Drogenbekämpfung UNODC und weiterer Beobachter zufolge droht durch die Ausführung des Plans zur Eliminierung des Opiumanbaus bis 2005 eine ernste humanitäre Krise der vom Opiumanbau abhängigen Bauern."

[16] China remains the UWSA's sole patron and arms supplier Archived 2012-07-17 at Archive.is

[17] World Politics Watch: On Myanmar-China border, tensions escalate between SPDC, narco-militias – Michael Black

[18] UWSA Talks Business, Drugs Cooperation with China

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