Perang

Saka Wikipédia, Ènsiklopédhi Bébas ing basa Jawa / Saking Wikipédia, Bauwarna Mardika mawi basa Jawi

Perang punika satunggiling kawontenan kakerasan ingkang ngombro ombro, konflik skala wiyar antawis kalih kelompok utawi langkung. Perang saged dipun wontenaken sacara simultan ing setunggal utawi langkung médan laga utawi theaters. Ing satunggiling médan laga, saged kémawon wonten setunggal utawi langkung kampanye militer. Sawenèh aksi militer wonten ing salebetipun kampanye militer biasanipun kasebat pertempuran, senajan terminologi punika kadhangkawis mboten saged dipunterapaken wonten ing pertempuran ingkang migunaaken montor mabur, peluru kendhali utawi bom lan mboten migunaaken pasukan darat utawi seganten.

Perkawis ingkang saged ndadosaken perang biasanipun rumit lan arupi werni-werni masalah. Upami cecongkrahan tuwuh bab wigati, kadosta : tlatah, kadhaulatan, sumber daya utawi ideologi kamangka perundhinganipun gagal, saged nuwuhaken perang. Wonten ing bukunipun ingkang asesirah War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley, satunggiling profesor saking University of Illinois, ngétang yèn kinten-kinten 90-95% saking komunitas tartamtu naté, utawi sakedhikipun kala-kala magepokan kaliyan perang, lan kathah ingkang terus menerus. ^[1][2][3][4] Satunggiling perang saged dipun wiwiti kanthi dheklarasi resmi utaminipun wonten ing perang internasional. Ewosemanten miturut sajarah lan kedadosan nyata, mboten saben perang tansah dipun wiwiti déning dheklarasi mekaten, klebet wonten ing perang sadhèrèk.

Bab lan Paragraf 1 Caranipun Perang 2 Panyebab Perang 2.1 Teori Sajarah 2.2 Teori Psikologi 2.3 Toeri Antropologi 2.4 Teori Sosiologi 2.5 Teori Demografi 2.6 Teori Ilmu Politik 3 Jinis Perang lan Paperangan 3.1 Déning Panyebab 3.2 Perang Lingkungan 4 Daftar Perang miturut korban 5 Referensi 6 Bibliografi 7 Ugi Pirsani 7.1 Umum 7.2 Daftar 7.3 Dhasar Pangetahuan Militer 8 Pranala Jawi 9 Galeri

[sunting] Caranipun Perang

Cara ingkang baku kanggé ngayahi perang sanget gumantung dhumateng wiyaripun sasaran, klebet bab-bab kadosdéné ngrebat tlatah, nglumpuhaken negari saingan, ngrisakaken kamampuan mengsah supados mboten saged ngawontenanken aksi militèr, nguwaosi jalmi sanès utawi ngakeni pedunung pribumi dados negari ingkang misah, ngantos dumugi pembantaian etnis ( genocide ). Biasanipun saben aksi militer déning satunggiling negari lajeng dipun lawan déning setunggal utawi langkung negari sanèsipun. Pramila, sasaran ingkang pokok saking sawenèh negari dados nomer kalih tinimbang sasaran ingkang langkung nyereg inggih punika ngicalaken kekuatan mengsah. Bab punika saged dipun ayahi kanthi cara ngepung, ngancuraken wonten ing palagan, ndamel mengsah supados mlajeng utawi takluk, utawi ngancuraken mengsah kanthi cara ingkang mboten langsung sepertos nyebaraken panyakit utawi keluwèn.

[sunting] Panyebab Perang

"Penyebab utawi sumber perang ingkang paling kondhang inggih punika politik ... perang punika namung kalajengan saking politik, namung katambah déning cara-cara sanèsipun." - Carl von Clausewitz, Vom Kriege (On War)

Motivasi dhasar, tangtos, inggih kasadyan ngayahi perang, nanging motivasi saged dipun pérang sacara spesifik. Motivasi kanggé perang mbok manawi bènten kanggé pihak ingkang mréntahaken perang kaliyan ingkang ngayahi perang. Satunggiling negari ingkang badhé ngayahi perang kedah nggadhahi dhukungan kapemimpinan, dhukungan militer, sarta dhukungan rakyat. Satunggiling conto, wonten ing Perang Punic ingkang kaping tiga,^[5] Para pemimpin Romawi ngersaaken perang dhumateng Carthago kanggé nglumpuhaken kakiatan negari saingan punika wau; déné militer mbokmanawi ngersaaken badhé ngginaaken kasempatan kanggé nguwaosi lan ngancuraken kitha Carthago, nanging rakyat Romawi saged mangertos lan ngidinaken perang kanthi angkah ingkang bènten inggih punika kanggé ngicalaken budhaya populèr tiyang Carthago, ingkang kabaripun remen ngurbanaken laré alit. Amargi kathah tiyang ingkang ndhèrèk sarujuk, perang saged nyebabaken pangurbanan jiwa raga, senajan saking motivasi ingkang bènten-bènten. Rupi-rupi téori bab panyebab perang, antawisipun:

[sunting] Teori Sajarah

Para ahli sajarah radi kirang remen dhateng alasan ingkang rèmèh tumraping perang. A.J.P. Taylor njelasaken yèn perang punika kadosdéné kacilakan lalu lintas. Ing ngriku tansah wonten kondhisi lan situasi ingkang nyebabaken, nanging mboten wonten cara kanggé mgramalaken wonten pundi lan mbénjang menapa badhé kadadosan. Para ahli ngèlmu Sosial ngritik andharan punika, kanthi alasan yèn sakdèrèngipun perang para pemimpin kanthi sadhar sampun ndamel kaputusan, pramila mboten saged dipun wastani murni kacilakan. Sawenèh tiyang mbokmanawi saged mikantukaken pola ingkang sakedhikipun nggadhahi kahandhalan utawi reliabilitas, nanging amargi perang punika arupi maksad kolèktif saking jalmi kathah, tangtos angèl sanget kangge ndamel sistem ramalan ingkang komplit lan murakabi.

[sunting] Teori Psikologi

Ahli Psikologi kados E.F.M. Durban lan John Bowlby mbantah yèn manungsa punika marisi dhasar kejem. Sementawis kekejeman punika dipun pendhem ing salebetipun masyarakat normal, kadhangkawis kedah muncul inggih punika nalika perang. Kanyatan punika sinarengan kaliyan gejala sanèsipun kadosta displacement, inggih punika nalika tiyang nyaluraken keluhanipun awujud bias lan kabencèn utawi { hatred ) dhumateng sukubangsa, negari utawi ideologi sanès. Sementawis teori punika nggadhahi andharan tumrap panyebabing perang, nanging mboten saged nerangaken wonten pundi lan mbénjang menawa perang badhé kadadosan. Minangka tambahan, teori punika nimbulaken pitakèn kéngin menapa kala-kala mangsa damé ingkang lami lan kala sanèsipun mangsa perang ingkang mboten rampung-rampung. Ugi teori punika mboten saged nerangaken kadospundi satunggiling budhaya manungsa saged ical ing salebeting perang.^[6]

[sunting] Toeri Antropologi

Sawetawis Ahli Antropologi gadhah pandhangan ingkang bènten sanget bab perang. Para ahli punika nyimpulaken manawi perang punika dhasaripun saking budhaya, ingkang dipun sinaoni kanthi pengaruh nurture tinimbang alami ( nature ). Pramila menika bilih masyarakat saged dipun reformasi, perang saged ical. Miturut aliran punika katampinipun perang kanthi alasan agami, ideologi lan Nasionalisme.

[sunting] Teori Sosiologi

Ngèlmu Sosiologi sampun dangu migatèkaken bab asal-usulipun perang, lan pinten-pinten èwu teori sampun tuwuh, lan kathah ugi ingkang mboten sarujuk setunggal teori lan teori sanèsipun.Ngèlmu Sosiologi mérang bab perang dados sawetawis teori. Sepindhah, teori Primat der Innenpolitik (Primacy of Domestic Politics) ingkang adhedhasar karya Eckart Kehr lan Hans-Ulrich Wehler, mratélaaken yèn perang punika kasil saking kondhisi domestik, kanthi sasaran agrèsi ingkang dipun tamtoaken déning kanyatan internasional. Pramila, Perang Donya I punika mboten produk cecongkrahan internasional, prajanjèn rahasia, utawi kasaimbangan kekiatan nanging produk saking situasi ekonomi, situasi sosial, lan situasi politik salebeting saben negari ingkang tumut perang . Andharan punika bènten kaliyan andharan tradhisional Primat der Außenpolitik (Primacy of Foreign Politics) saking Carl von Clausewitz lan Leopold von Ranke ingkang mbantah yèn punika kaputusan saking para kepala negari lan situasi geopolitik ingkang nuwuhaken perang.

[sunting] Teori Demografi

Teori Demografi saged dipun kempalaken dhumateng kalih kelas, inggih punika teori Malthusian lan teori [[youth bulge]].

Teori Malthusian ningal satunggiling proporsi ingkang lepat tumrap tuwuhing pedunung lan kirangipun dhaharan minangka panyebab konflik ingkang kejem. Déné teori Youth Bulge radi bènten, inggih punika bab proporsi ingkang lepat antawis cacahing pemudha ingkang nggadhahi pendhidhikan inggil, lan cacahing kalenggahan wonten ing masyarakat minangka sumber utami rupi-rupi kakerasan sosial klebet ugi perang. Miturut teori punika : "tiyang badhé ngemis kanggé dhaharan, naging manawi kanggé posisi utawi kalenggahan badhé némbak."

[sunting] Teori Ilmu Politik

Analisis statistik perang dipun wiwiti déning Lewis Fry Richardson nalka Perang Donya I. Database ingkang langkun anyar sanèsipun bab perang lan konflik senjata sampun dipun susun déning Proyek Correlates of War, Peter Brecke lan Uppsala Department of Peace and Conflict Research.

Wonten rupi-rupi andharan miturut.teori hubungan internasional. Pedhukung teori realisme mboten sarujuk yèn motivasi negari inggih punika madosi kaamanan kanggé survival utawi supados tetep èksis. Satunggilin andharan, kadangkawis mboten sarujuk dhateng pandhangan kaum realis, bab kathahing bukyos empiris kanggé ndukung klaim yèn negari ingkang demokratis mboten badhé perang kaliyan sesaminipun, punika satunggiling andharan ingkang katelah democratic peace theory. Faktor sanèsipun ingkang klebet inggih punika kawontenan bènten tumrap moral lan kapercayan agami, mboten sarujuk ing babagan ekonomi lan dagang, mroklamasèkaken kamardhikan lan sanès sanèsipun. Teori utami sanèsipun ingkang megepokan kaliyan Kakuasaan ing Hubungan Internasional lan machtpolitik inggih punika Teori Transisi Kakuasaan, ingkang mérang donya dados sawetawis hirarki lan nerangaken yèn perang punika minangka siklus destabilisasi saking hegemoni kakuatan ageng.

[sunting] Jinis Perang lan Paperangan

[sunting] Déning Panyebab

Jinis	Conto
Ngrebut	Pecheneg lan Cuman raid ka Rus ing abad ka 9–abad ka13
Agresif	Perang Alexander Agung ing 323–323 BC
Kolonial	Perang China-Perancis
Pambebasan	Perang Algeria
Religius	Crusades
Dinastik	Perang Suksesi ing Spanyol
Dhagang	Perang Candhu
Revolusionèr	Perang Revolusi Perancis
Gerilya	Perang Semenanjung
Perang Sedhèrèk	Perang sedhèrèk ing Spanyol
Pamisahan Dhiri	Perang sedhèrèk ing Amerika

[sunting] Perang Lingkungan

Lingkungan ing satunggiling perang nggadhahi pengaruh ingkang ageng tumrap jinins perang, klebet jinis médhan perang. Prmila prajurit kedah dipun latih wonten ing rupi-rupi medhan perang, ing antawisipun :

• en:Arctic warfare, perang kutub utawi perang ing mangsa asrep.
• en:Desert warfare, perang ing gurun wedhi
• en:Jungle warfare, perang wonten ing wana
• en:Mobile warfare, perang ingkang mrayogèkaken kemampuan pindhah panggénan
• en:Naval warfare, perang ing seganten
• en:Sub-aquatic warfare, perang ngandhap samodra
• en:Mountain warfare, perang gunung
• en:Urban warfare, perang kitha
• en:Air warfare, perang udhara lan terjun payung
• en:Space warfare, perang angkasa
• en:Electronic warfare, perang elèktronika
• en:Border warfare, perang tapel wates
• en:Mine warfare, perang ranjau
• en:Psychological warfare, perang urat syaraf
• en:Guerilla warfare, perang gerilya
• en:Cyber warfare, perang donya maya
• en:Energy warfare, perang enerji
• en:Intellectual warfare, perang intelèktual klebet ugi propaganda
• en:Biological warfare, perang biologi
• en:Nuclear Warfare, perang nuklir

[sunting] Daftar Perang miturut korban

Angka-angka klebet korban sipil saking penyakit, kelaparan, lan sanèsipun ugi tentara ingkang ggugur wonten palagan.

• 60,000,000–72,000,000 - Perang Donya II (1939–1945), (see World War II casualties)^[7][8]
• 30,000,000–60,000,000 - Mongol Conquests (13th century) (see [[Invasi Mongol] lan Invasi Tatar)^{[9][10][11][12]}
• 25,000,000 - Manchu conquest of Ming China (1616–1662)^[13]
• 20,000,000 - Pambrontakan Taiping (China, 1851–1864) (see Dungan revolt)^[14]
• 20,000,000 - Perang Sino-Jepang II (1931–1945)^[15]
• 15,000,000–66,000,000 - Perang Donya I (1914–1918) (see Korban Perang Donya I) note that the larger number includes Spanish flu deaths
• 10,000,000 - Warring States Era (China, 475 BC–221 BC)
• 7,000,000 - 20,000,000 Conquests of Timur the Lame (1360-1405) (see List of wars in the Muslim world)^[16][17]
• 5,000,000–9,000,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk Rusia (1917–1921)^[18]
• 5,000,000 - Penaklukan Menelik II ka Ethiopia (1882- 1898)^[19][20]
• 3,800,000 - Perang Kongo II (1998–2004)^[21]
• 3,500,000–6,000,000 - Perang Napoleon (1804–1815) (see Napoleonic Wars casualties)
• 3,000,000–11,500,000 - Perang Telung puluh taun (1618–1648)^[22]
• 3,000,000–7,000,000 - Pambrontakan Turban Kuning (China, 184–205)
• 2,500,000–3,500,000 - Perang Korea (1950–1953) (see Cold War)^[23]
• 2,300,000–3,800,000 - Perang Vietnam (entire war 1945–1975)
  • 300,000–1,300,000 - Perang Indochina I (1945–1954)
  • 100,000–300,000 - Vietnamese Civil War (1954–1960)
  • 1,750,000–2,100,000 - American phase (1960–1973)
  • 170,000 - Final phase (1973–1975)
  • 175,000–1,150,000 - Secret War (1962–1975)
• 2,000,000–4,000,000^[24] - French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) (see Religious war)
• 2,000,000 - Shaka's conquests (1816-1828)^[25]
• 300,000–3,000,000^[26] - Bangladesh Liberation War
• 1,500,000–2,000,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk ing Afghanistan (1979 -)
  • 1,000,000–1,500,000 Soviet intervention (1979–1989)
• 1,300,000–6,100,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk ing China (1928–1949) note that this figure excludes World War II casualties
  • 300,000–3,100,000 before 1937
  • 1,000,000–3,000,000 after World War II
• 1,000,000–1,200,000 - Perang Pitung Taun (1756–1763)
• 1,000,000 - Perang Iran-Iraq (1980–1988)
• 1,000,000 - Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598)^[27]
• 1,000,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk II Sudan (1983–2002)
• 1,000,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk ing Nigeria (1967–1970)
• 618,000^[28] - 970,000 - American Civil War (including 350,000 from disease) (1861–1865)
• 900,000–1,000,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk Mozambique(1976–1993)
• 868,000^[29] - 1,400,000^[30] - Perag Pitung Taun (1756-1763)
• 800,000 - 1,000,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk Rwanda (1990-1994)
• 800,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk ing Kongo (1991–1997)
• 600,000 to 1,300,000 - Perang Yhudi-Romawi I (see List of Roman wars)
• 580,000 - Bar Kokhba’s revolt (132–135CE)
• 570,000 - Perang Kamardhikan Eritrean (1961-1991)
• 550,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk Somali (1988 - )
• 500,000 - 1,000,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk Spanyol (1936–1939)
• 500,000 - Perang sadhèrèk ing Angola (1975–2002)
• 500,000 - Perang sadhèrèk ing Uganda (1979–1986)
• 400,000–1,000,000 - War of the Triple Alliance ing Paraguay (1864–1870)
• 400,000 - Konflik Darfur (2003-)
• 400,000 - Perang Pamisahan dhiri ing Spanyol (1701-1714)
• 371,000 - Continuation War (1941-1944)
• 350,000 - Great Northern War (1700-1721)^[31]
• 315,000 - 735,000 - Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651) English campaign ~40,000, Scottish 73,000, Irish 200,000-620,000
• 300,000–2,000,000 - Revolusi Mexico (1910–1920)
• 300,000 - Perang Russia-Circassian (1763-1864) (see Caucasian War)
• 300,000 - First Perang Sadhèrèk Burundi (1972)
• 270,000–300,000 - Crimean War (1854–1856)
• 255,000-1,120,000 - Perang Philippine-America (1898-1913)
• 230,000–1,400,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk Ethiopian (1974–1991)
• 220,000 - Perang sadhèrèk Liberia (1989 - )
• 214,000 - 655,000+ - Perang Irak (2003-Present) (see 2003 invasion of Iraq)
• 200,000 - 1,000,000^[32] - Albigensian Crusade (1208-1259)
• 200,000–800,000 - Warlord era in China (1917–1928)
• 200,000 - Perang Punic II (BC218-BC204) (see List of Roman battles)
• 200,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk Sierra Leone (1991–2000)
• 200,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk Guatemala (1960–1996)
• 190,000 - Perang Perancis-Prussia (1870–1871)
• 180,000 - 300,000 - La Violencia (1948-1958)
• 170,000 - Perang Kamardhikan Yunani (1821-1829)
• 150,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk ing Libanon (1975–1990)
• 150,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk ing Yemen Lèr (1962–1970)
• 150,000 - Perang Rusia-Jepang (1904–1905)
• 148,000-1,000,000 - Perang Mangsa Asrep (1939)
• 125,000 - Perang Eritrea-Ethiopia (1998–2000)
• 120,000 - 384,000 Perang Turki (1683-1699) (see Ottoman-Habsburg wars)
• 120,000 - Perang Bosnia (1992–1995)
• 120,000 - Perang sadhèrèk Algeria (1991 - )
• 120,000 - Perang Servile III (BC73-BC71)
• 117,000 - 500,000 - Revolt in the Vendée (1793-1796)
• 101,000 - 115,000 - Arab-Israeli conflict (1929- )
• 100,500 - Perang Chaco (1932–1935)
• 100,000 - 1,000,000 - War of the two brothers (1531–1532)
• 100,000 - 400,000 - Irian Barat (1984 - ) (see Genocide in West Papua)
• 100,000 - 200,000 - Timor Timur (1975-1978)
• 100,000 - Perang Teluk (1991)
• 100,000–1,000,000 - Perang kamardhikan Algeria (1954–1962)
• 100,000 - Perang Sèwu Dinten (1899–1901)
• 100,000 - Peasants' War (1524-1525)^[33]
• 80,000 - Perang Punic III (BC149-BC146)
• 75,000 - 200,000? - Conquests of Alexander the Great (BC336-BC323)
• 75,000 - Perang sadhèrèk El Salvador (1980–1992)
• 75,000 - Perang Boer II (1898–1902)
• 70,000 - Boudica's uprising (AD60-AD61)
• 69,000 - Konflik Internal ing Peru (1980 - )
• 60,000 - Konflik Sri Lanka/Tamil (1983-)
• 60,000 - Pambrontakan Nicaragua (1972-91)
• 50,000 - 200,000 - Perang Chechen I (1994–1996)
• 50,000 - 100,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk Tajikistan (1992–1997)
• 50,000 - Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) (see Wars involving England)
• 45,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk Yunani (1945-1949)
• 41,00–100,000 - Kashmir (1989 - )
• 36,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk ing Finlandia (1918)
• 35,000 - 40,000 - War of the Pacific (1879–1884)
• 35,000 - 45,000 - Siege of Malta (1565) (see Ottoman wars in Europe)
• 31,000–100,000 - Perang Chechen II (1999 - )
• 30,000 - Turkey/PKK (1984 - )
• 30,000 - Perang China-Vietnam (1979)
• 23,384 - Perang India-Pakistani 1971 (December 1971)
• 23,000 - Perang Nagorno-Karabakh (1988-1994)
• 20,000 - 49,600 U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan (2001 – 2002)
• 15,000–20,000 - Perang Kamardhikan Kroasia (1991–1995)
• 11,053 - Malayan Emergency (1948-1960)
• 10,000 - Amadu's Jihad (1810-1818)
• 7,264–10,000 - Perang India-Pakistan 1965 (August-September 1965)
• 7,000–24,000 - American War of 1812 (1812-1815)
• 7,000 - Perang Kosovo (1996–1999) (disputed)
• 5,000 - Invasi Turki ka Cyprus (1974)
• 4,588 - Perang China-India (1962)
• 4,000 - Perang Waziristan (2004-2006)
• 4,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk ing Irlandia (1922-23)
• 3,700 - Northern Ireland conflict (1969 - 1998)
• 3,000 - Perang Sadhèrèk ing Pantai Gadhing (2002 - )
• 2,899 - Perang New Zealand (1845 - 1872)
• 2,604–7,000 - Perang India-Pakistan 1947 (October 1947 - December 1948)
• 2,000 - Perang Sepak Bola (1969)
• 2,000 - Perang kamardhikan Irlandia (1919-21)
• 1,975–4,500+ - Konflik Israel-Palestina (2000 -)
• 1,547–2,173+ - 2006 Konflik Israel-Lebanon
• 1,724 - Perang Lapland (1945)
• 1,500 - Revolusi Rumania (December 1989)
• 1,000 - Zapatista uprising ing Chiapas (1994)
• 907 - Perang Malvinas (1982)

[sunting] Referensi

[sunting] Bibliografi

• Angelo Codevilla and Paul Seabury, War: Ends and Means (Potomac Books, Revised second edition by Angelo Codevilla, 2006) ISBN-X
• Angelo M. Codevilla, No Victory, No Peace (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005) ISBN
• Fry, Douglas P., 2005, The Human Potential for Peace: An Anthropological Challenge to Assumptions about War and Violence, Oxford University Press.
• Gat, Azar 2006 War in Human Civilization, Oxford University Press.
• Gunnar Heinsohn, Söhne und Weltmacht: Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen ("Sons and Imperial Power: Terror and the Rise and Fall of Nations"), Orell Füssli (September 2003), ISBN, available online as free download (in German)
• Fabio Maniscalco, (2007). World Heritage and War - monographic series "Mediterraneum", vol. VI. Massa, Naples. ISBN.
• Kelly, Raymond C., 2000, Warless Societies and the Origin of War, University of Michigan Press.
• Small, Melvin & Singer, David J. (1982). Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars,. Sage Publications. ISBN.
• Otterbein, Keith, 2004, How War Began. Texas A&M University Press.
• Turchin, P. 2005. War and Peace and War: Life Cycles of Imperial Nations. New York, NY: Pi Press. ISBN
• Van Creveld, Martin The Art of War: War and Military Thought London: Cassell, Wellington House
• Fornari, Franco (1974). The Psychoanalysis of War. Tr. Alenka Pfeifer. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Anchor Press. ISBN: . Reprinted (1975) Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN
• Keeley, Lawrence. War Before Civilization, Oxford University Press, 1996.
• Zimmerman, L. The Crow Creek Site Massacre: A Preliminary Report, US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, 1981.
• Chagnon, N. The Yanomamo, Holt, Rinehart & Winston,1983.
• Pauketat, Timothy. North American Archaeology 2005. Blackwell Publishing.
• Wade, Nicholas. Before the Dawn, Penguin: New York 2006.
• Rafael Karsten, Blood revenge, war, and victory feasts among the Jibaro Indians of eastern Ecuador (1923).
• S. A. LeBlanc, Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest, University of Utah Press (1999).

[sunting] Ugi Pirsani

• Wiki En : War
• Wiki Id : Perang

[sunting] Umum

• Seni Perang
• Sun Tzu
• en:Sun Tzu
• en:Casus Belli
• en:Just War theory
• en:Undeclared war
• en:War cycles
• en:Feud

[sunting] Daftar

• en:Ongoing wars
• en:Most lethal wars in world history
• en:List of wars
• en:List of battles
• en:List of orders of battle
• en:List of invasions
• en:List of military commanders
• en:List of battles and other violent events by death toll
• en:List of revolutions and rebellions
• en:List of riots

[sunting] Dhasar Pangetahuan Militer

• en:Military science
• en:Military technology and equipment
• en:Military strategy
• en:Operational art
• en:Military tactics
• en:Military logistics
• en:Philosophy of war
• en:Weapons

[sunting] Pranala Jawi

• A timeline of War and Conflict across the globe: 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1999
• Bloodiest Battles of the 20th Century
• Death Tolls for Battles of the 16th, 17th, 18th & 19th Centuries
• Death Toll from Disasters, War & Accidents
• Documents and Resources on War, War Crimes and Genocide
• The Security Demographic - provides information about demographic theories of war
• Great Battles of History
• Correlates of War Project
• Correlates of War 2
• Reality of war. Experience of those who seen it...
• Antiwar.com
• Uppsala Department of Peace and Conflict Research
• Rough estimates of the number of deaths in various wars and conflicts
• Observatory for Protection of Cultural Heritage in Areas of Crisis
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
• Complex Emergencies Database (CE-DAT) - A database on the human impact of conflicts and other complex emergencies.
• International Police Actions as Alternative To Wars and War Crimes
• The Strange War - Stories for a Culture of Peace by Martin Auer
• Christopher Caldwell: Youth and War, a deadly Duo - short summary of youth bulge theory (see section "demographic theories" above)
• Warfare and Conflict Resources - TerritorioScuola ODP
• Industrial Organization - economics lecture in which the Peace War Game is an example.
• WarWiki - a Wikia-hosted wiki about war
• Religion Causes Military Action
• Books of Our Time: The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War by Andrew J. Bacevich(video)
• Industrial Organization - economics lecture in which the Peace War Game is an example.
• Wars of the 20th Century
• The world's worst massacres Whole Earth Review
• War Disaster and Genocide
• Killers of the 20th Century
• Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II
• Haida Warfare
• Primitive War
• Moriori - The impact of new arrivals - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
• Tribal Warfare and Blood Revenge
• The Crow Creek Massacre
• War Before Civilization
• The Myth of the Peaceful Savage
• The fraud of primitive authenticity
• Warfare among tribal peoples
• Tribal warfare kills nine in Indonesia's Papua

Artikel punika taksih tulisan rintisan (stub). Sinten kémawon ingkang kersa mbenakaken, sumangga kémawon.

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