Hak manungsa ing Botswana
Hak manungsa ing Botswana iku diréksa déning konstitusi. Lapuran Hak Manungsa taun 2009 déning Dhépartemen Jaba Nagari Amérika Sarékat nyathet yèn pamaréntah Botswana lumrahé ngajèni hak-hak warga nagarané.[1]
Konstitusi
[besut | besut sumber]Konstitusi Botswana ngrembug asas-asas hak manungsa kaya ta kamardikan wicara, kamardikan kaklumpukan, lan hak urip.[2]
Isu
[besut | besut sumber]Kamardikan wicara lan pèrs
[besut | besut sumber]Konstitusi Botswana ngrembug gagasan kamardikan wicara lan bab iki lumrahé diajèni déning pamaréntah.[1]
Ukuman mati
[besut | besut sumber]Pangadhilan Luhur ing Johannesburg, Afrika Kidul ngandharaké Botswana minangka "nagara pariah kang ora sinkron karo mayoritas nagara-nagara Afrika kang wis ninggal utawa nulak ukuman mati". 32 wong dikendhat ing Botswana ing antarané jaman kamardikan nalika 1966 nganti 1998, lan enem wong liyané dièksekusi antara taun 2001 nganti 2006.
Pribumi
[besut | besut sumber]- Delengen uga: Pasulayan lemah leluhur ing Botswana
Akèh wong pribumi San dipindhah kanthi peksa saka lemah darbèké dhéwé menyang rèservasi. Supaya dhèwèké padha pindhah, wong San ora diidini ngaksès banyu saka lemahé dhéwé lan ditangkep yèn nindakaké beburon kang dadi sumber panganan pokoké.[3] Lemah wong San kapernah ing tengah-tengah laladan inten paling kaloka ing donya. Sacara resmi, pamaréntah nyelak yèn pamindhahan iki ana gegayutané karo tambang lan ndhaku yèn pamindhahan iki kanggo njaga satwa lan ékosistem Botswana, senadyan ta wong San wis nglakoni urip ing lemah iku nganti èwunan taun.[3] Ing rèservasi, dhèwèké padha kasusahan golèk pagawéan lan nyandu alkohol kang dadi ambek sawenang-wenang.[3]
Kaanan historis
[besut | besut sumber]Ing isor iki kapacak bagan peringkat Botswana awit 1972 ing lapuran Freedom in the World kang dibabar taunan déning Freedom House. Peringkat 1 iku "mardika"; 7, "ora mardika"[4][a]
Taun | Hak pulitik | Kamardikan sipil | Setatus | Présidhèn[b] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1972 | 3 | 4 | Sapérangan Mardika | Seretse Khama |
1973 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Seretse Khama |
1974 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Seretse Khama |
1975 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Seretse Khama |
1976 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Seretse Khama |
1977 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Seretse Khama |
1978 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Seretse Khama |
1979 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Seretse Khama |
1980 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Seretse Khama |
1981 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1982[c] | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1983 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1984 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1985 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1986 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1987 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1988 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1989 | 1 | 2 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1990 | 1 | 2 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1991 | 1 | 2 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1992 | 1 | 2 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1993 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1994 | 2 | 3 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1995 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1996 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1997 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1998 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Quett Masire |
1999 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Festus Mogae |
2000 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Festus Mogae |
2001 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Festus Mogae |
2002 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Festus Mogae |
2003 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Festus Mogae |
2004 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Festus Mogae |
2005 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Festus Mogae |
2006 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Festus Mogae |
2007 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Festus Mogae |
2008 | 2 | 2 | Mardika | Festus Mogae |
2009 | 3 | 2 | Mardika | Ian Khama |
2010 | 3 | 2 | Mardika | Ian Khama |
2011 | 3 | 2 | Mardika | Ian Khama |
2012[5] | 3 | 2 | Mardika | Ian Khama |
2013[6] | 3 | 2 | Mardika | Ian Khama |
2014[7] | 3 | 2 | Mardika | Ian Khama |
Prajanjèn internasional
[besut | besut sumber]Solahé Botswana ngenani prajanjèn hak manungsa internasional:
Uga delengen
[besut | besut sumber]Cathetan
[besut | besut sumber]- ↑ Gatèkna yèn "Taun" ing kéné satemené "Taun nalika dilapuraké". Mangkono iku, katrangan kang tinengeran taun 2008 iku lapuran kang dibabar taun 2009, lan sabanjuré.
- ↑ Per 1 Januari.
- ↑ Lapuran taun 1982 ngrakup taun 1981 lan paruh kapisan taun 1982, lan lapuran taun 1984 sabanjuré ngrakup paruh kapindho taun 1982 lan sakabèhing taun 1983. Kanggo kaprasajan, rong lapuran "setaun setengah" kang nyimpang iki wis dipisah dadi lapuran telung taun lumantar interpolasi.
Rujukan
[besut | besut sumber]- ↑ a b , U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Botswana
- ↑ "Constitution of Botswana 1966 - Table of Contents". Commonlii.org. 1966-09-30. Diarsip saka asliné ing 2011-09-30. Dibukak ing 2012-11-08.
- ↑ a b c "Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us". BBC News. 7 January 2014. Diarsip saka asliné ing 2016-03-25. Dibukak ing 24 July 2016.
- ↑ Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Diarsip saka asliné ing 2012-04-24. Dibukak ing 2012-08-22.
- ↑ Freedom House (2013). "Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance" (PDF). Diarsip (PDF) saka asliné ing 2015-04-02. Dibukak ing 2015-03-25.
- ↑ Freedom House (2014). "Freedom in the World 2014" (PDF). Diarsip (PDF) saka asliné ing 2015-07-12. Dibukak ing 2015-03-25.
- ↑ Freedom House (2015). "Freedom in the World 2015" (PDF). Diarsip (PDF) saka asliné ing 2015-10-18. Dibukak ing 2015-03-25.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 20 October 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 11 February 2011. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 17 September 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 1 September 2010. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2012-10-21. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2012-10-20. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 18 July 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 23 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 8 November 2010. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 11 February 2014. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 20 October 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 25 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2011-05-20. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2016-04-25. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2013-12-13. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 19 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 13 January 2016. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2012-08-21. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2012-09-24. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
- ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 25 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.