X-SAMPA
Praèn
Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) iku swawijining varian saka SAMPA sing kasusun ing taun 1995 déning John C. Wells, profèsor fonètik ing Universitas London. X-SAMPA dirancang kanggp nyawijèkaké aksara SAMPA, lan ngembangaké SAMPA supaya nyakup kabèh karakter sajeroning International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Asilé wujud IPA 7-bit ASCII sing kainspirasi déning SAMPA.
Simbul aksara cilik
[besut | besut sumber]X-SAMPA | IPA | IPA gambar | Katrangan | Conto |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | ![]() |
open front unrounded vowel | Basa Prancis dame [dam], Spanish padre ["paD4e] |
b | b | ![]() |
voiced bilabial plosive | Basa Inggris bed [bEd], Basa Prancis bon [bO~] |
b_< | ɓ | ![]() |
voiced bilabial implosive | Basa Sindhi ɓarʊ [b_<arU] |
c | c | ![]() |
voiceless palatal plosive | Basa Honggari latyak ["lQcQk] |
d | d | ![]() |
voiced alveolar plosive | Basa Inggris dig [dIg], Basa Prancis doigt [dwa] |
d` | ɖ | ![]() |
voiced retroflex plosive | Basa Swèdhen hord [hu:d`] |
d_< | ɗ | ![]() |
voiced alveolar implosive | Basa Sindhi ɗarʊ [d_<arU] |
e | e | ![]() |
close-mid front unrounded vowel | Basa Prancis ses [se], Basa Inggris met [met] (AusE and NZE) |
f | f | ![]() |
voiceless labiodental fricative | Basa Inggris five [faIv], Basa Prancis femme [fam] |
g | ɡ | ![]() |
voiced velar plosive | Basa Inggris game [geIm], Basa Prancis longue [lO~g] |
g_< | ɠ | ![]() |
voiced velar implosive | Basa Sindhi ɠəro [g_<@ro] |
h | h | ![]() |
voiceless glottal fricative | Basa Inggris house [haUs] |
h\ | ɦ | ![]() |
voiced glottal fricative | Czech hrad [h\rat] |
i | i | ![]() |
close front unrounded vowel | Basa Inggris be [bi:], Basa Prancis oui [wi], Spanish si [si] |
j | j | ![]() |
palatal approximant | Basa Inggris yes [jEs], Basa Prancis yeux [j2] |
j\ | ʝ | ![]() |
voiced palatal fricative | Basa Yunani γειά [j\a] |
k | k | ![]() |
voiceless velar plosive | Basa Inggris scat [sk{t], Spanish carro ["kar:o] |
l | l | ![]() |
alveolar lateral approximant | Basa Inggris lay [leI], Basa Prancis mal [mal] |
l` | ɭ | ![]() |
retroflex lateral approximant | Svealand Basa Swèdhen sorl [so:l`] |
l\ | ɺ | ![]() |
alveolar lateral flap | Basa Jepang phoneme /r/ |
m | m | ![]() |
bilabial nasal | Basa Inggris mouse [maUs], Basa Prancis homme [Om] |
n | n | ![]() |
alveolar nasal | Basa Inggris nap [n{p], Basa Prancis non [nO~] |
n` | ɳ | ![]() |
retroflex nasal | Basa Swèdhen hörn [h2:n`] |
o | o | ![]() |
close-mid back rounded vowel | Basa Prancis gros [gRo] |
p | p | ![]() |
voiceless bilabial plosive | Basa Inggris speak [spik], Basa Prancis pose [poz], Spanish perro ["per:o] |
p\ | ɸ | ![]() |
voiceless bilabial fricative | Basa Jepang fuku [p\M_0kM] |
q | q | ![]() |
voiceless uvular plosive | Arabic qasbah ["qQs_Gba] |
r | r | ![]() |
alveolar trill | Spanish perro ["per:o] |
r` | ɽ | ![]() |
retroflex flap | |
r\ | ɹ | ![]() |
alveolar approximant | Basa Inggris red [r\Ed] |
r\` | ɻ | ![]() |
retroflex approximant | Malayalam വഴി ["v6r\`i] |
s | s | ![]() |
voiceless alveolar fricative | Basa Inggris seem [si:m], Basa Prancis session [se"sjO~] |
s` | ʂ | ![]() |
voiceless retroflex fricative | Basa Swèdhen mars [mas`] |
s\ | ɕ | ![]() |
voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | Basa Polski świerszcz [s\v'erStS] |
t | t | ![]() |
voiceless alveolar plosive | Basa Inggris stew [stju:], Basa Prancis raté [Ra"te], Spanish tuyo ["tujo] |
t` | ʈ | ![]() |
voiceless retroflex plosive | Basa Swèdhen mört [m2t`] |
u | u | ![]() |
close back rounded vowel | Basa Inggris boom [bu:m], Spanish su [su] |
v | v | ![]() |
voiced labiodental fricative | Basa Inggris vest [vEst], Basa Prancis voix [vwa] |
v\ (or P) | ʋ | ![]() |
labiodental approximant | Dutch west [v\Est]/[PEst] |
w | w | ![]() |
labial-velar approximant | Basa Inggris west [wEst], Basa Prancis oui [wi] |
x | x | ![]() |
voiceless velar fricative | Scots loch [lOx]; German Buch, Dach; Spanish caja, gestión |
x\ | ɧ | ![]() |
voiceless palatal-velar fricative | Basa Swèdhen sjal [x\A:l] |
y | y | ![]() |
close front rounded vowel | Basa Prancis tu [ty] German über ["y:b6] |
z | z | ![]() |
voiced alveolar fricative | Basa Inggris zoo [zu:], Basa Prancis azote [a"zOt] |
z` | ʐ | ![]() |
voiced retroflex fricative | Mandarin Chinese rang [z`aN] |
z\ | ʑ | ![]() |
voiced alveolo-palatal fricative | Basa Polski źrebak ["z\rEbak] |
Simbul aksara gedhé
[besut | besut sumber]X-SAMPA | IPA | IPA gambar | Katrangan | Conto |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | ɑ | ![]() |
open back unrounded vowel | Basa Inggris father ["fA:D@(r\)] (RP and Gen.Am.) |
B | β | ![]() |
voiced bilabial fricative | Spanish lavar [la"Ba4] |
B\ | ʙ | ![]() |
bilabial trill | Reminiscent of shivering ("brrr") |
C | ç | ![]() |
voiceless palatal fricative | German ich [IC], Basa Inggris human ["Cjum@n] (broad transcription uses [hj-]) |
D | ð | ![]() |
voiced dental fricative | Basa Inggris then [DEn] |
E | ɛ | ![]() |
open-mid front unrounded vowel | Basa Prancis même [mEm], Basa Inggris met [mEt] (RP and Gen.Am.) |
F | ɱ | ![]() |
labiodental nasal | Basa Inggris emphasis ["EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [Emf-]) |
G | ɣ | ![]() |
voiced velar fricative | Basa Yunani γωνία [Go"nia], Danish vælge ["vElG@] |
G\ | ɢ | ![]() |
voiced uvular plosive | Inuktitut nirivvik [niG\ivvik] |
G\_< | ʛ | ![]() |
voiced uvular implosive | Mam ʛa [G\_<a] |
H | ɥ | ![]() |
labial-palatal approximant | Basa Prancis huit [Hit] |
H\ | ʜ | ![]() |
voiceless epiglottal fricative | |
I | ɪ | ![]() |
near-close near-front unrounded vowel | Basa Inggris kit [kIt] |
I\ | ᵻ or ɪ̈ | near-close central unrounded vowel | Basa Polski ryba [rI\bA] | |
J | ɲ | ![]() |
palatal nasal | Spanish año ["aJo], Basa Inggris canyon ["k{J@n] (broad transcription uses [-nj-]) |
J\ | ɟ | ![]() |
voiced palatal plosive | Basa Honggari egy [EJ\] |
J\_< | ʄ | ![]() |
voiced palatal implosive | Basa Sindhi ʄaro [J\_<aro] |
K | ɬ | ![]() |
voiceless alveolar lateral fricative | Welsh llaw [KaU] |
K\ | ɮ | ![]() |
voiced alveolar lateral fricative | |
L | ʎ | ![]() |
palatal lateral approximant | Italian famiglia [fa"miLa], Castilian llamar [La"mar], Basa Inggris million ["mIL@n] (broad transcription uses [-lj-]) |
L\ | ʟ | ![]() |
velar lateral approximant | |
M | ɯ | ![]() |
close back unrounded vowel | Korean 으 (eu) |
M\ | ɰ | ![]() |
velar approximant | Spanish fuego ["fweM\o] |
N | ŋ | ![]() |
velar nasal | Basa Inggris thing [TIN] |
N\ | ɴ | ![]() |
uvular nasal | Basa Jepang san [saN\] |
O | ɔ | ![]() |
open-mid back rounded vowel | RP thought [TO:t], American Basa Inggris off [O:f] |
O\ | ʘ | ![]() |
bilabial click | |
P (or v\) | ʋ | ![]() |
labiodental approximant | Dutch west [PEst]/[v\Est], allophone of Basa Inggris phoneme /r\/ |
Q | ɒ | ![]() |
open back rounded vowel | RP lot [lQt] |
R | ʁ | ![]() |
voiced uvular fricative | German rein [RaIn] |
R\ | ʀ | ![]() |
uvular trill | Basa Prancis roi [R\wa] |
S | ʃ | ![]() |
voiceless postalveolar fricative | Basa Inggris ship [SIp] |
T | θ | ![]() |
voiceless dental fricative | Basa Inggris thin [TIn] |
U | ʊ | ![]() |
near-close near-back rounded vowel | Basa Inggris foot [fUt] |
U\ | ᵿ or ʊ̈ | ![]() |
near-close central rounded vowel | Basa Inggris euphoria [jU\"fO@r\i@] |
V | ʌ | ![]() |
open-mid back unrounded vowel | RP Basa Inggris strut [str\Vt] |
W | ʍ | ![]() |
voiceless labial-velar fricative | Scots when [WEn] |
X | χ | ![]() |
voiceless uvular fricative | Klallam sχaʔqʷaʔ [sXa?q_wa?] |
X\ | ħ | ![]() |
voiceless pharyngeal fricative | Arabic <ح>ha’ [X\A:] |
Y | ʏ | ![]() |
near-close near-front rounded vowel | German hübsch [hYpS] |
Z | ʒ | ![]() |
voiced postalveolar fricative | Basa Inggris vision ["vIZ@n] |
Sibul liya
[besut | besut sumber]X-SAMPA | IPA | IPA gambar | Katrangan | Conto |
---|---|---|---|---|
. | . | ![]() |
syllable break | |
" | ˈ | ![]() |
primary stress | |
% | ˌ | ![]() |
secondary stress | |
' (or _j) | ʲ | ![]() |
palatalized | |
: | ː | ![]() |
long | |
:\ | ˑ | ![]() |
half long | Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths |
- | separator | Basa Polski trzy [t-S1] vs. czy [tS1] (affricate) | ||
@ | ə | ![]() |
schwa | Basa Inggris arena [@"r\i:n@] |
@\ | ɘ | ![]() |
close-mid central unrounded vowel | Paicĩ kɘ̄ɾɘ [k@\_M4@\_M] |
{ | æ | ![]() |
near-open front unrounded vowel | Basa Inggris trap [tr\{p] |
} | ʉ | ![]() |
close central rounded vowel | Basa Swèdhen sju [x\}:]; AuE/NZE boot [b}:t] |
1 | ɨ | ![]() |
close central unrounded vowel | Welsh tu [t1], American Basa Inggris rose's ["r\oUz1z] |
2 | ø | ![]() |
close-mid front rounded vowel | Danish købe ["k2:b@], Basa Prancis deux [d2] |
3 | ɜ | ![]() |
open-mid central unrounded vowel | Basa Inggris nurse [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.) |
3\ | ɞ | ![]() |
open-mid central rounded vowel | Irish tomhail[t3\:l'] |
4 | ɾ | ![]() |
alveolar flap | Spanish pero ["pe4o], American Basa Inggris better ["bE4@`] |
5 | ɫ | ![]() |
velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see _e | Basa Inggris milk [mI5k] |
6 | ɐ | ![]() |
near-open central vowel | German besser ["bEs6], Australian Basa Inggris mud [m6d] |
7 | ɤ | ![]() |
close-mid back unrounded vowel | Estonian kõik [k7ik], Vietnamese mơ [m7_M] |
8 | ɵ | ![]() |
close-mid central rounded vowel | Basa Swèdhen buss [b8s] |
9 | œ | ![]() |
open-mid front rounded vowel | Basa Prancis neuf [n9f], Danish drømme [dR9m@] |
& | ɶ | ![]() |
open front rounded vowel | Basa Swèdhen skörd [x\&d`] |
? | ʔ | ![]() |
glottal stop | Danish stød [sd2?], Cockney Basa Inggris bottle ["bQ?l] |
?\ | ʕ | ![]() |
voiced pharyngeal fricative | Arabic ع (`ayn) [?\Ajn] |
* | undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor" | |||
/ | indeterminacy in Basa Prancis vowels | |||
< | begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA) | |||
<\ | ʢ | ![]() |
voiced epiglottal fricative | |
> | end nonsegmental notation | |||
>\ | ʡ | ![]() |
epiglottal plosive | |
^ | ↑ | ![]() |
upstep | |
! | ↓ | ![]() |
downstep | |
!\ | ǃ | ![]() |
postalveolar click | |
| | | | ![]() |
minor (foot) group | |
|\ | ǀ | ![]() |
dental click | |
|| | ‖ | ![]() |
major (intonation) group | |
|\|\ | ǁ | ![]() |
alveolar lateral click | |
=\ | ǂ | ![]() |
palatal click | |
-\ | ‿ | ![]() |
linking mark |
Diakritik
[besut | besut sumber]X-SAMPA | IPA | IPA gambar | Katrangan |
---|---|---|---|
_" | ̈ | ![]() |
centralized |
_+ | ̟ | ![]() |
advanced |
_- | ̠ | ![]() |
retracted |
_/ | ˇ | ![]() |
rising tone |
_0 | ̥ | ![]() |
voiceless |
_< | implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives) | ||
= (or _=) | ̩ | ![]() |
syllabic |
_> | ʼ | ![]() |
ejective |
_?\ | ˤ | ![]() |
pharyngealized |
_\ | ˆ | falling tone | |
_^ | ̯ | ![]() |
non-syllabic |
_} | ̚ | ![]() |
no audible release |
` | ˞ | ![]() |
rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example) |
~ (or _~) | ̃ | ![]() |
nasalization |
_A | ̘ | ![]() |
advanced tongue root |
_a | ̺ | ![]() |
apical |
_B | ̏ | ![]() |
extra low tone |
_B_L | ᷅ | ![]() |
low rising tone |
_c | ̜ | ![]() |
less rounded |
_d | ̪ | ![]() |
dental |
_e | ̴ | ![]() |
velarized or pharyngealized; also see 5 |
<F> | ![]() |
global fall | |
_F | ̂ | ![]() |
falling tone |
_G | ˠ | ![]() |
velarized |
_H | ́ | ![]() |
high tone |
_H_T | ᷄ | ![]() |
high rising tone |
_h | ʰ | ![]() |
aspirated |
_j (or ') | ʲ | ![]() |
palatalized |
_k | ̰ | ![]() |
creaky voice |
_L | ̀ | ![]() |
low tone |
_l | ˡ | ![]() |
lateral release |
_M | ̄ | ![]() |
mid tone |
_m | ̻ | ![]() |
laminal |
_N | ̼ | ![]() |
linguolabial |
_n | ⁿ | ![]() |
nasal release |
_O | ̹ | ![]() |
more rounded |
_o | ̞ | ![]() |
lowered |
_q | ̙ | ![]() |
retracted tongue root |
<R> | ![]() |
global rise | |
_R | ̌ | ![]() |
rising tone |
_R_F | ᷈ | ![]() |
rising falling tone |
_r | ̝ | ![]() |
raised |
_T | ̋ | ![]() |
extra high tone |
_t | ̤ | ![]() |
breathy voice |
_v | ̬ | ![]() |
voiced |
_w | ʷ | ![]() |
labialized |
_X | ̆ | ![]() |
extra-short |
_x | ̽ | ![]() |
mid-centralized |
Bagan
[besut | besut sumber]Konsonan
[besut | besut sumber]Consonants (pulmonic) | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place of articulation → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | (none) | ||||||||||||
Manner of articulation ↓ | Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post‐ alveolar |
Retro‐ flex |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn-geal | Epi‐ glottal |
Glottal | |||||
Nasal | m | F | n | n` | J | N | N\ | ||||||||||
Plosive | p b | p_d b_d | t d | t` d` | c J\ | k g | q G\ | >\ | ? | ||||||||
Fricative | p\ B | f v | T D | s z | S Z | s` z` | C j\ | x G | X | R | X\ | ?\ | H\ | <\ | h h\ | ||
Approximant | B_o | v\ | r\ | r\` | j | M\ | |||||||||||
Trill | B\ | r | * | R\ | * | ||||||||||||
Tap or Flap | *† | *† | 4 | r` | * | ||||||||||||
Lateral Fricative | K K\ | * | * | * | |||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l | l` | L | L\ | |||||||||||||
Lateral Flap | l\ | * | * | * |
- Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that have recently been added to Unicode. Since April 2008, this is the case of the labiodental flap, symbolized by a right-hook v in the IPA:
A dedicated symbol for the labiodental flap does not yet exist in X-SAMPA.
Coarticulated | |
---|---|
W | Voiceless labialized velar approximant |
w | Voiced labialized velar approximant |
H | Voiced labialized palatal approximant |
s\ | Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative |
z\ | Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative |
x\ | Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative |
Affricates and double articulation | |
---|---|
ts | voiceless alveolar affricate |
dz | voiced alveolar affricate |
tS | voiceless postalveolar affricate |
dZ | voiced postalveolar affricate |
ts\ | voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate |
dz\ | voiced alveolo-palatal affricate |
tK | voiceless alveolar lateral affricate |
kp | voiceless labial-velar plosive |
gb | voiced labial-velar plosive |
Nm | labial-velar nasal (stop) |
Consonants (non-pulmonic) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clicks | Implosives | Ejectives | |||
O\ | Bilabial | b_< | Bilabial | _> | For example: |
|\ | Laminal alveolar ("dental") | d_< | Alveolar | p_> | Bilabial |
! | Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex") | J\_< | Palatal | t_> | Alveolar |
=\ | Laminal postalveolar ("palatal") | g_< | Velar | k_> | Velar |
|\|\ | Lateral coronal ("lateral") | G\_< | Uvular | s_> | Alveolar fricative |
Vokal
[besut | besut sumber]Uga delengen
[besut | besut sumber]Rujukan
[besut | besut sumber]
Pranala njaba
[besut | besut sumber]- Computer-coding the IPA: A proposed extension of SAMPA
- Translate Basa Inggris texts into IPA phonetics with PhoTransEdit. This free software tool allows to export transcriptions to X-SAMPA.
- Online converter between IPA and X-Sampa
- Web-based translator for X-SAMPA documents. Produces Unicode text, XML text, PostScript, PDF, or LaTeX TIPA.
- Z-SAMPA Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine., an extension of X-SAMPA sometimes used for conlangs