Deleng sumberé Kali Kuning

{{Infobox Kali | river_name = Kali Kuning (''Huang He'',''Huang Jiang'')
  | image_name = Huanghemap.png
  | caption = Dhaérah ilèn Kali Kuning lan kutha wigati
  | origin = [[Gunung Bayankala]], [[Provinsi Qinghai]]
  | mouth = [[Sagara Bohai]]
  | basin_countries = [[Cina]]
  | length = 5464 km (3398 mi)
  | elevation = 4500 m (14,765 ft)
  | discharge = 2,571 m³/s (90,808 ft³/s)
  | watershed = 752 000 km² 
}}
{{ChineseText}}
'''Kali Kuning''' utawa '''Huang He''' ({{zh-cp|c=黃河|p=Huáng Hé}}; kadhangkala cukup diarani "Kali" ing Cina kuna) iku sawijining kali kang nomer loro dawané ing nagara [[Cina]] (sawisé [[Kali Yangtze]]) lan nomer 6 paling dawa ing donya, ya iku dawané 5,464 kilomèter (3,398&nbsp;mi).<ref>[[Sajarah Cina]] nyathet yèn Kali Kuning wis owah ilèné (''course'') ping 18</ref> Miwiti saka [[Gunung Bayankala]] ing Provinsi [[Qinghai]] ing nagara [[Cina]] sisih kulon, kali iki mili ngliwati 9 provinsi ing Cina tumuju [[Sagara Bohai]]. Dhaérah ilèn Kali Kuning jembaré saka kulon mangétan watara 1900&nbsp;km (1,180&nbsp;mi) lan saka lor mangidul watara 1100&nbsp;km (684&nbsp;mi). Total jembaré watara 752,443&nbsp;km² (290,520&nbsp;mi²).
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The Yellow River is called the "the cradle of [[Chinese civilization]]", as its basin is the birthplace of the northern Chinese civilizations and is the most prosperous region in early [[Chinese history]]. But frequent devastating [[Natural disasters in China|flooding]], largely due to the elevated [[river bed]] in its lower course, has also earned it the unenviable name "China's Sorrow".<ref>[http://www.pausingtoremember.net/China's_sorrow.html China's Sorrow." Times Past: Pausing to Remember]</ref>

==Name==
Early Chinese literature refers to the Yellow River simply as ''He'' (河), or "River". The first appearance of the name "Yellow River" (黄河) is in the [[Book of Han]] (漢書) written in the [[Western Han]] dynasty (206 BC–AD 9). The name "Yellow River" describes the perennial [[ochre]]-[[yellow]] [[hue|colour]] of the muddy water in the lower course of the river. The yellow color comes from [[loess]] suspended in the water.

Sometimes the Yellow River is poetically called the "Muddy Flow" ({{zh-cp|c=濁流|p=Zhuó Liú}}).  The Chinese expression "when the Yellow River flows clear" is similar to the English expression "when Hell freezes over."

==History and culture==
[[Image:MotherHuanghe2.jpg|right|thumb|"Mother River"]]
Traditionally, it is believed that the Chinese civilization originated in the Yellow River basin. The Chinese refer to the river as "the Mother River" and "the Cradle of the [[Chinese civilization]]".
 
During the long [[history of China]], the Yellow River has been considered a blessing as well as a curse and has been [[nickname]]d both "China's Pride" (中国的骄傲 ''Zhōngguó de Jiāo'ào'') and "China's Sorrow" (中国的痛 ''Zhōngguó de Tòng''). Records indicate that, from [[602 BC]] to present, the river's course underwent at least 5 large-scale changes, and its [[levee]]s were breached more than 1,500 times.  A major course change in 1194 took over the [[Huai River]] drainage system throughout the next 700 years. The mud in the Yellow River literally blocked the mouth of the Huai River and left thousands homeless. The Yellow River adopted its present course in 1897 after the latest course change occurred in 1855. Currently, the Yellow River flows through [[Jinan]], capital of the [[Shandong]] province, and ends in the [[Bohai Sea]].

The river gets its yellow color mostly from the fine-grained calcareous [[silt]]s which originate in the [[Loess Plateau]] and are carried in the flow. Centuries of silt deposition and [[Dike (construction)|diking]] has caused the river to flow above the surrounding farmland, making flooding a critically dangerous problem. Flooding of the Yellow River has caused some of the highest [[death toll]]s in world history, with the [[1887 Huang He flood]] killing 900,000 to 2,000,000 and the [[1931 Huang He flood]] killing 1,000,000 to 3,700,000.  In 1938, during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], the [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] troops under [[Chiang Kai-Shek]] broke the levees holding back the river in order to stop the advancing [[Japan]]ese troops. The river at that time flooded a huge area and took some 500,000 to 900,000 lives including a number of advancing Japanese soldiers.

Another historical source of devastating floods is the collapse of upstream [[ice dam]]s in [[Inner Mongolia]] with an accompanying sudden release of vast quantities of impounded water. There have been 11 such major floods in the past century, each causing tremendous loss of life and property. Nowadays, explosives dropped from aircraft are used to break the ice dams before they become dangerous.

Some of the known flood defenses used in ancient times were ditches, walls (dams), [[levee]]s, and [[rebound channel]]s to route floodwaters around a blockage. But the solutions were merely local, and sometimes the dams were too small and weak. If the river broke down the defenses it caused far more damage than if none had been built.

==Characteristics==
The Yellow River is notable for the large amount of [[silt]] it carries—1.6 billion tons annually at the point where it descends from the [[Loess Plateau]]. If it is running to the sea with sufficient volume, 1.4 billion tons are carried to the sea annually.

In modern times, since 1972 when it first dried up, the river has dried up in its lower reaches many times, from [[Jinan]] to the sea in most years, in 1997 for 226 days. The low volume is due to increased agricultural [[irrigation]], by a factor of five since 1950. Water diverted from the river as of 1999 served 140 million people and irrigated 74,000 km² (48,572 mi²) of land.  The highest volume occurs during the rainy season, from July to October, when 60% of the annual volume of the river flows.  Maximum demand for irrigation is needed between March and June. In order to capture excess water for use when needed, and for flood control and electricity generation, several dams have been built, but due to the high silt load their life is expected to be limited. A proposed [[South-North Water Transfer Project]] involves several schemes to divert water from the [[Yangtze River]], one in the western headwaters of the rivers where they are closest to one another, another from the upper reaches of the [[Han River (Hanshui)|Han River]], and a third using the route of the [[Grand Canal of China|Grand Canal]].

Due to its heavy load of silt the Yellow River is a [[depositing stream]], that is, it deposits part of its carried burden of soil in its bed in stretches where it is flowing slowly. These deposits elevate the riverbed which flows between [[levee|natural levee]]s in its lower reaches. Should a flood occur, the river may break out of the levees into the surrounding lower flood plain and adopt a new course. Historically this has occurred about once every hundred years. In modern times, considerable effort has been made to strengthen levees and control floods.

The Yellow River delta totals 8,000 square kilometers (3,090 mi²). However, since 1996 it has been reported to be shrinking slightly each year through erosion.<ref>"Yellow River Delta Shrinking 7.6 Square Kilometers Annually", ''China Daily'' February 1, 2005,  retrieved 14 September 2006 from http://china.org.cn/english/2005/Feb/119497.htm </ref>

==Geography==
From its sources, Gyaring Lake and Ngoring Lake high in the Bayankala Mountains in [[Qinghai Province]] in the far west of China, the Yellow River loops north, bends south, creating the "Great Bend", and then flows generally eastward across northern China to the [[Bohai Sea|Gulf of Bohai]], draining a [[drainage basin|basin]] of 752,443 km² (290,520 mi²) which nourishes 120 million people.

The river is commonly divided into three stages. However, different scholars have different opinions on how the three stages are divided. This article adopts the division used by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission.<ref>[http://www.yellowriver.gov.cn/ Yellow River Conservancy Commission]</ref>

===Upper reaches===
[[Image:yellow river - A. Holdrinet.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The Yellow River, near Xunhua, in Eastern Qinghai. Note the yellowish water, caused by [[loess]].]]

The upper reaches of the Yellow River constitute a segment starting from its source in the Bayankala Mountains and ending at Hekou County of [[Inner Mongolia]] just before it turns sharply to the north. This segment has a total length of 3,472 km (2,160 mi) and total basin area of 386,000 km² (149,035 mi²), 51.3% of the total basin area. Along this length, the elevation of the Yellow River drops 3496 metres, with an average drop of 0.1%.

The upper reaches can be further divided into three sections: the source, valley, and [[alluvial plain]] sections.

The source section flows mainly through pastures, swamps, and knolls between the [[Bayankala Mountains]] and the Anemaqen ([[Amne Machin]]) Mountains. The river water is clear and flows steadily. Crystal clear lakes are characteristic of this section. The two main lakes along this section are Lake Bob (扎陵湖) and Lake Eling (鄂陵湖), with capacities of 4.7 billion and 10.8 billion m³, respectively. At elevations over 4,260 m (13,976 ft) above sea level they are the largest two plateau freshwater lakes in China.

The valley section stretches from Longyang Gorge in [[Qinghai]] to Qingtong Gorge in [[Gansu]]. Steep cliffs line both sides of the river. The water bed is narrow and the average drop is large, so the flow in this section is extremely turbulent and fast. There are 20 gorges in this section, the most famous of these being the Longyang, Jishi, Liujia, Bapan, and Qingtong gorges. The flow conditions in this section makes it the best location for [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] plants.

After emerging from the Qingtong Gorge, the river comes into a section of vast alluvial plains, the Yinchuan Plain and Hetao Plain. In this section, the regions along the river are mostly [[deserts]] and [[grasslands]], with very few tributaries. The flow is slow. The Hetao Plain has a length of 900 km (560 mi) and width of 30 to 50 km (20–30 mi). It is historically the most important irrigation plain along the Yellow River.

===Middle reaches===
[[Image:Lanzhou-rio-amarillo-d01.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Yellow River at [[Lanzhou]]]]
The part of Yellow River between Hekou County in [[Inner Mongolia]] and [[Zhengzhou]] in [[Henan]] constitutes the middle reaches of the river. The middle reaches are 1,206 km (749 mi) long, with a basin area of 344,000 km² (132,820 mi²), 45.7% of the total, with a total elevation drop of 890 meters (2,920 ft), an average drop of 0.074%. There are 30 large tributaries along the middle reaches, and the water flow is increased by 43.5% on this stage. The middle reaches contribute 92% of the river's silts.

The middle stream of the Yellow River passes through the [[Loess Plateau]], where substantial erosion takes place. The large amount of mud and sand discharged into the river makes the Yellow River the most [[sediment]]-laden river in the world. The highest recorded annual level of silts discharged into the Yellow River is 3.91 billion tons in 1933. The highest silt concentration level was recorded in 1977 at 920 kg/m³. These sediments later deposit in the slower lower reaches of the river, elevating the [[river bed]] and creating the famous "river above ground". In [[Kaifeng]], the Yellow River is 10 meters (33 ft) above the ground level.<ref>[http://www.cis.umassd.edu/~gleung/geofo/geogren.html Yellow River: Geographic and Historical Settings]</ref>

From Hekou County to Yumenkou, the river passes through the longest series of continuous valleys on its main course, collectively called the Jinshan Valley. The abundant hydrodynamic resources stored in this section make it the second most suitable area to build hydroelectric power plants. The famous Hukou Waterfall is in the lower part of this valley.

===Lower reaches===
In the lower reaches, from Zhengzhou to the sea, a distance of 786 km (488 mi), the river is confined to a [[levee]]-lined course as it flows to the northeast across the [[North China Plain]] before emptying into the [[Gulf of Bohai|Bohai Sea]]. The basin area in this stage is only 23,000 km² (8,880 mi²), 3% of the total. The total drop in elevation of the lower reaches is 93.6 m (307 ft), with an average drop of 0.012%.

The silts received from the middle reaches form sediments here, elevating the river bed. During 2,000 years of levee construction, excessive sediment deposits have raised the riverbed several meters above the surrounding ground.  Few tributaries add to the flow in this stage; nearly all rivers to the south drain into the [[Huai River]], whereas those to the north drain into the [[Hai River]].
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== Anak Kali ==
Anak Kali Kuning antarané:
* [[Kali Putih]] (白河)
* [[Kali Ireng]] (黑河)
* [[Kali Huang]] (湟水)
* [[Kali Zuli]] (祖厉河)
* [[Kali Qingshui]] (清水河)
* [[Kali Dahei]] (大黑河)
* [[Kali Kuye]] (窟野河)
* [[Kali Wuding]] (无定河)
* [[Kali Fen]] (汾河)
* [[Kali Wei]] (渭河)
* [[Kali Luo (Henan)|Kali Luo]] (洛河)
* [[Kali Qin]] (沁河)
* [[Kali Dawen]] (大汶河)
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==Hydroelectric power dams==
Below is the list of [[hydroelectric]] power stations built on the Yellow River (in bracket is the year to start operation):

*[[Sanmen Gorge]] hydroelectric power station (1960)
*Sanshenggong hydroelectric power station (1966)
*[[Qingtong Gorge]] hydroelectric power station (1968)
*[[Liujia Gorge]] hydroelectric power station (1974)
*[[Yanguo Gorge]] hydroelectric power station (1975)
*Tianqiao hydroelectric power station (1977)
*[[Bapan Gorge]] hydroelectric power station (1980)
*[[Longyang Gorge]] hydroelectric power station (1992)
*[[Da Gorge]] hydroelectric power station (1998)
*[[Li Gorge]] hydroelectric power station (1999)
*Wanjiazhai hydroelectric power station (1999)
*[[Xiaolangdi]] hydroelectric power station (2001)

==Provinces and cities==
Originating in the [[Bayankala Mountains]], the Yellow River passes through nine [[Province (China)|provinces]], namely [[Qinghai]], [[Sichuan]], [[Gansu]], [[Ningxia]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Shaanxi]], [[Shanxi]], [[Henan]], and [[Shandong]]. The mouth of the Yellow River is located at [[Dongying]], [[Shandong]].

The provinces of [[Hebei]] and [[Henan]] derive their names from the ''Huang He''. Their names mean respectively "north of the (Yellow) River" and "south of the (Yellow) River".

Major cities located along the Yellow River include, starting from the source, [[Lanzhou]], [[Wuhai]], [[Baotou]], [[Kaifeng]], and [[Jinan]].

==Crossings==
{{listdev}}
*[[Binzhou Yellow River Highway Bridge]]
*[[Sunkou Yellow River Highway Bridge]]
*[[Zhongshan Bridge]]

==Flooding and changes of course==
{{see|List of natural disasters by death toll}}

The river is extremely prone to [[flooding]]. It has flooded 1,593 times in last 3,000–4,000 years, while its main course changed 18 times. Historical maps from the [[Qin Dynasty]] indicate the Yellow River was then flowing considerably north of its present course. Those maps show that after the river passed [[Luoyang]] it flowed along the border between [[Shanxi]] and [[Henan]] provinces, continuing along the border between [[Hebei]] and Shandong before emptying into [[Bohai Bay]] near present-day [[Tianjin]].

Beginning in 1194, the part of the Yellow River flowing to the north changed its course southward by running into the [[Huai River]]. The course of the river has changed back and forth between the route of the Huai River and the original route of the Yellow River several times over the past 700 years. The consequent buildup of silt deposits was so heavy that the Huai River was unable to flow in its historic course after the Yellow River reverted to its northerly course for the last time in 1897. Instead, the water pools up into [[Hongze Lake]] and then runs southward toward the [[Yangtze River]].

Floods on the river account for some of the deadliest [[natural disaster]]s ever recorded. The flatness of [[North China Plain]] contributes to the deadliness of the floods. A slight rise in water level means a large portion of land is completely covered in water. When a flood occurs, a portion of the population initially dies from drowning, then by the spread of diseases and the ensuing famine.

*In [[1887 the river flooded]] the [[North China Plain]] causing an estimated 900,000–2,000,000 deaths.
*In [[1931 the river flooded]] the [[North China Plain]] causing an estimated 1,000,000–4,000,000 deaths.

In 1938, during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], the [[KMT|Nationalist]] troops under the orders of [[Chiang Kai-Shek]] broke the dike holding back the Yellow River in order to stop the advancing [[Japan]]ese troops. This resulted in the [[1938 Yellow River flood|flooding]] of an area covering 54,000&nbsp;km² and the deaths of 500,000–900,000 people.

Several dams and flooding projects have been constructed along the Yellow River preventing any further flooding of the river.
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== Rujukan lan wacan ==
{{reflist}}
* Sinclair, Kevin. 1987. ''The Yellow River: A 5000 Year Journey Through China''. (Based on the television documentary). Child & Associates Publishing, Chatswood, Sydney, Australia. ISBN 0-86777-347-2
[[Gambar:HukouWaterfall3.jpg|thumb|350px|Kali Kuning]]
== Uga delengen ==
* [[Géografi Cina]]
* [[Pratélan kali ing Asia]]
* [[Pratélan kali ing Cina]]
* [[Sagara Kuning]]

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons category|Huang He}}
* [http://www.cis.umassd.edu/~gleung/ Yellow River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201011922/http://www.cis.umassd.edu/~gleung/ |date=2005-12-01 }} at [[University of Massachusetts Dartmouth]]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/chinese-music/Pre_Liberation/D03.Yellow_River_Ballad.au Listen to the ''Yellow River Ballade''] from the [[Yellow River Cantata]]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/world/asia/19yellowriver.html "A Troubled River Mirrors China’s Path to Modernity"], ''New York Times'' November 19, 2006
* [http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/yellow/yellowsummary.html First raft descent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417072532/http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/yellow/yellowsummary.html |date=2009-04-17 }} of the Yellow River from its source in Qinghai to its mouth (1987)

{{coor title dms|34|55|19|N|97|30|43|E|region:CN_type:waterbody_source:dewiki}}

[[Kategori:Kali ing Cina]]