Deleng sumberé Kali Gangga

{{Geobox River
<!-- *** Name section *** -->  
| name                        = Gangga
| native_name                 = Ganga
<!-- *** Map section *** -->
| map                         = River Ganges and tributaries.png
| map_caption                 = Peta Kali lan anak kali Gangga
<!-- General section *** -->
| country                     = India 
| country1                    = Banggaladésa
| city                        = Haridwar
| city1                       = Moradabad
| city2                       = Rampur
| city3                       = Kanpur
| city4                       = Allahabad
| city5                       = Varanasi
| city6                       = Patna
| city7                       = Rajshahi
| length                      = 2510
| length_imperial             = 1560
| watershed                   = 907000
| watershed_imperial          = 354300
| discharge_location          = mouth
| discharge_average           = 14270
| discharge_average_imperial  = 
| discharge_max_month         = 
| discharge_max               = 
| discharge_max_imperial      = 
| discharge_min_month         = 
| discharge_min               = 
| discharge_min_imperial      = 
| discharge1_location         = 
| discharge1_average          = 
| discharge1_average_imperial = 
<!-- *** Source *** -->
| source_name                 = Gangotri Glacier
| source_location             = Uttarakhand
| source_country              = India
| source_country1             = 
| source_elevation            = 7756
| source_elevation_imperial   = 25450
| source_lat_d                = 30
| source_lat_m                = 59
| source_lat_s                = 
| source_lat_NS               = N
| source_long_d               = 78
| source_long_m               = 55
| source_long_s               = 55
| source_long_EW              = E
<!-- *** Mouth *** -->
| mouth_name                  = Delta Gangga
| mouth_location              = Lempongan Benggala
| mouth_country               = Banggaladésa
| mouth_country1              = 
| mouth_elevation             = 0
| mouth_elevation_imperial    = 0
| mouth_lat_d                 = 22
| mouth_lat_m                 = 05
| mouth_lat_s                 = 
| mouth_lat_NS                = N
| mouth_long_d                = 90
| mouth_long_m                = 50
| mouth_long_s                = 
| mouth_long_EW               = E
<!-- *** Tributaries *** -->
| tributary_left              = Brahmaputra
| tributary_left1             = Gomti
| tributary_left2             = Kosi
| tributary_left3             = Gandak
| tributary_left4             = Ghaghra
| tributary_right             = Yamuna 
| tributary_right1            = Son
| tributary_right2            = 
| tributary_right3            = 
| tributary_right4            = 
<!-- *** Image *** -->
| image                       = Varanasi, India, Emptiness and solitude.jpg
| image_size                  = 250
| image_caption               = Kali Gangga ing Varanasi
}}
'''Kali Gangga''' ([[Devanāgarī]]: {{lang|hi|गंगा}}, {{IAST1|''Gaṅgā''}} ing akèh [[basa India]], {{IPA2|ˈgəŋgaː}}) iku kali gedhé ing anak bawana [[India]] mili mangétan ngliwati [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|dhataran ''eponymous'']] ing [[India]] lor nganti tekan [[Bangladesh]]. 
Kali kang dawané watara 2,510&nbsp;km (1,557&nbsp;mi) iki miwiti saka [[Gangotri Glacier]] ing praja India [[Uttarakhand]] ing [[Himalaya]] tengah lan mili menyang [[Lempongan Benggala]] ngliwati [[River delta|delta]] ing [[Sunderbans]]. Kali iki wis èwon taun didadèkaké pepujèn kanggoné umat Hindhu ing India, didadèkaké sesembahan lan dianggep pawujudan saka Dèwi ''[[Gangga]]''.
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The Ganges and its tributaries drain a large – about one million square kilometres – and fertile basin that supports one of the world's highest-density human populations.

In his book [[Discovery of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] says:
<blockquote>…The Ganges, above all is the river of India, which has held India's heart captive and drawn uncounted millions to her banks since the dawn of history. The story of the Ganges, from her source to the sea, from old times to new, is the story of India's civilization and culture, of the rise and fall of empires, of great and proud cities, of adventures of man…</blockquote>
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== Wujud ilèning kali ==
Kali Gangga asalé saka Himalaya, sawisé panggabungan enenm kali ya iku: [[Alaknanda]] ketemu [[Dhauliganga]] ing [[Vishnuprayag]], kali [[Mandakini]] ing [[Nandprayag]], kali [[Pindar]] ing [[Karnaprayag]], kalie [[Mandakini]] ing [[Rudraprayag]] lan pungkasané kali [[Bhagirathi]] ing [[Devaprayag]] (sawisé titik iki sabanjuré diarani Kali Gangga) ing praja [[Uttarakhand]]. Kali Bhagirathi dianggep sumberé; kali iki asal saka [[Gangotri Glacier]], ana ing elevasi 7,756&nbsp;m (25,446&nbsp;ft). Kali iki diisi banyu saka lèlèhan salju lan ès kalebu lèlèhan ès saka pucuk gunung [[Nanda Devi]] lan [[Kamet]]. 
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After travelling 200&nbsp;km through the Himalayas, the Ganges emerges at the pilgrimage town of [[Haridwar]] in the [[Shiwalik Hills]]. At Haridwar, a dam diverts some of its waters into the [[Ganges Canal]], which links the Ganges with its main tributary, the [[Jamuna]]. The Ganges, whose course has been roughly southwestern until this point, now begins to flow southeast through the plains of northern India.

From Haridwar the river follows an 800&nbsp;km (500&nbsp;mi) winding course passing through the city of [[Kanpur]] before being joined from the southwest by the Yamuna at [[Allahabad]]. This point, known as the [[Sangam at Allahabad|Sangam]], is a sacred place in Hinduism. According to ancient [[Hindu texts]], at one time a third river, the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]], met the other two rivers at this point.<ref>http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0016-7398(194204)99%3A4%3C173%3AASOASA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0</ref>

[[Image:Ganges lrg.jpg|thumb|A [[NASA]] satellite picture of The combined delta of the Ganges and [[Brahmaputra]] Rivers showing both the delta and sediment flowing into the [[Bay of Bengal]] ]]
Joined by numerous rivers such as the [[Kosi]], [[Son River|Son]], [[Gandak]] and [[Ghaghara River|Ghaghra]], the Ganges forms a formidable current in the stretch between Allahabad and [[Malda]] in [[West Bengal]]. On its way it passes the towns of [[Mirzapur]], [[Varanasi]], [[Patna]] and [[Bhagalpur]]. At Bhagalpur, the river meanders past the [[Rajmahal Hills]], and begins to run south. At [[Pakaur]], the river begins its attrition with the branching away of its first [[distributary]], the [[Bhagirathi River]], which goes on to form the [[River Hooghly]]. Near the border with Bangladesh the [[Farakka Barrage]], built in 1974, controls the flow of the Ganges, diverting some of the water into a feeder canal linking the Hooghly to keep it relatively [[silt]]-free.

After entering Bangladesh, the main branch of the Ganges is known as the [[Padma River]] until it is joined by the [[Jamuna River]] the largest distributary of the [[Brahmaputra]]. Further downstream, the Ganges is fed by the [[Meghna River]], the second largest distributary of the Brahmaputra, and takes on the Meghna's name as it enters the Meghna Estuary. Fanning out into the 350&nbsp;km (220&nbsp;mi) wide [[Ganges Delta]], it finally empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Only two rivers, the [[Amazon River|Amazon]] and the [[Congo River|Congo]], have greater discharge than the combined flow of the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Surma-Meghna river system.

===Historically===
Until the end of the 18th century, the Ganges River discharged separately into the Bay of Bengal a few kilometers west of the Meghna Estuary. The Brahmaputra River flowed to the east of the Madhupur Tract (upland) and after joining with the Meghna River their combined flow fed into the estuary following approximately the same alignment as the present Lower Meghna River.  Between the end of the 18th century and the early 19th century, the Brahmaputra River increased its diversion via the [[Jamuna River]] and joined with the Ganges at Aricha.<ref>Mirjā, Ema Manirula Kādera (2004) ''The Ganges Water Diversion: Environmental Effects and Implications'' Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Ndtherlands, p. 60, ISBN 1-4020-2479-7</ref>  This change was hastened by the [[1897 Assam Earthquake|1897 earthquake]].'''

==Religious significance==
{{unreferenced|section|date=December 2007}}
{{main|Ganga in Hinduism}}
[[Image:Ganga.jpg|thumb|left|A sketch of the goddess Ganga on her [[Vahana]] (mount) [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]] ]]
[[Image:Early morning on the Ganges.jpg|thumb|Situated on the banks of River Ganges, Varanasi is considered by some to be the most [[holy city]] in Hinduism.]]
The Ganga is mentioned in the [[Rig-Veda]], the earliest of the Hindu scriptures.
It appears in the nadistuti (Rig Veda 10.75), which lists the rivers from east to west. In RV 6.45.31, the word Ganga is also mentioned, but it is not clear whether this reference is to the river.

According to Hindus the river Ganga (feminine) is sacred. It is [[worship]]ped by [[Hindus]] and personified as a [[Devi|goddess]], who holds an important place in the Hindu religion. <ref>Mystical Stories from the Mahabharata ISBN 1-887089-19-5</ref> <ref> Ganga: Amar Chitra Katha ISBN 81-7508-209-7</ref> Hindu belief holds that [[bathing]] in the river (especially on certain occasions) causes the forgiveness of [[sin]]s and helps attain [[salvation]]. Many people believe that this will come from bathing in the Ganga at any time. People travel from distant places to immerse the [[Cremation#Burning and ashes collection|ashes]] of their [[Family|kin]] in the waters of the Ganga; this immersion also is believed to send the departed soul to [[heaven]]. Several places sacred to Hindus lie along the banks of the river Ganga, including [[Haridwar]] and [[Varanasi]]. People carry sacred water from the Ganges that is sealed in copper pots after making the [[pilgrimage]] to Varanasi. It is believed that drinking water from the Ganga with one's last breath will take the soul to heaven.

Hindus also believe life is incomplete without bathing in the Ganga at least once in one's lifetime. Most Hindu families keep a vial of water from the Ganga in their house. This is done because it is prestigious to have water of the Holy Ganga in the house, and also so that if someone is dying, that person will be able to drink its water. Many Hindus believe that the water from the Ganga can cleanse a person's soul of all past sins, and that it can also cure the ill. The ancient scriptures mention that the water of Ganges carries the blessings of Lord [[Vishnu]]'s feet; hence Mother Ganges is also known as ''Vishnupadi'', which means "Emanating from the Lotus feet of Supreme Lord Sri Vishnu."

Some of the most important Hindu [[festival]]s and religious [[Congregation (worship)|congregation]]s are celebrated on the banks of the river Ganga, such as the [[Kumbh Mela]] and the [[Chhath|Chhat Puja]].

Varanasi has hundreds of [[temple]]s along the banks of the Ganges which often get flood during the rains. This city, especially along the banks of the Ganges, is an important place of worship for the Hindus as well as a cremation ground.

Indian Mythology states that Ganga, daughter of [[Himavan]], King of the Mountains, had the power to purify anything that touched her. Ganga flowed from the heavens and purified the people of India, according to myths. Indians often leave their dead bodies after their funeral in the Ganga, which is believed to purify the sins of the people.
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== Sajarah ==
Sajeroning abad Indo-Aryan wiwitan, [[Kali Sindu]] lan [[Kali Sarasvati|Sarasvati]] minangka kali utama, dudu Kali Gangga.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Nanging telu ''[[Vedas]]'' pungkasan iki katonané mènèhi makna wigati tumraping Kali Gangga, kaya kang disebutaké déning akèh sumber referensi.

mBokmanawa wong "kulon" pisanan kang nyebutaké Kali Gangga iku [[Megasthenes]]. Dhèwèké nyebut bola-bali ing naskah karyané [[Indika]]: <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> "India, again, possesses many rivers both large and navigable, which, having their sources in the mountains which stretch along the northern frontier, traverse the level country, and not a few of these, after uniting with each other, fall into the river called the Ganges.  Now this river, which at its source is 30&nbsp;[[stadia]] broad, flows from north to south, and empties its waters into the ocean forming the eastern boundary of the Gangaridai, a nation which possesses a vast force of the largest-sized elephants." (Diodorus II.37.)</blockquote>
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[[Image:Rome Ganges.jpg|thumb|right|The river-god Ganges as visualised by [[Bernini]]]]In Rome's [[Piazza Navona]], a famous sculpture, ''[[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]]'' (fountain of the four rivers) designed by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] was built in 1651. It symbolises four of the world's great rivers (the Ganges, the [[Nile]], the [[Danube]], and the [[Río de la Plata]]), representing the four continents known at the time.
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== Ékonomi ==
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[[Image:Ramjhula - bridge over the Ganga.jpg|thumb|left|Ramjhula]]
The [[Ganga Basin|Ganges Basin]] with its fertile soil is instrumental to the agricultural economies of India and Bangladesh. The Ganges and its tributaries provide a perennial source of irrigation to a large area. Chief crops cultivated in the area include rice, sugarcane, lentils, oil seeds, potatoes, and wheat. Along the banks of the river, the presence of swamps and lakes provide a rich growing area for crops such as legumes, chillies, mustard, sesame, sugarcane, and jute. There are also many fishing opportunities to many along the river, though it remains highly polluted.

Tourism is another related activity. Three towns holy to Hinduism – Haridwar, Allahabad, and Varanasi – attract thousands of pilgrims to its waters. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims arrive at these three towns to take a dip in the Ganges, which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation. The rapids of the Ganges also are popular for [[rafting|river rafting]], attracting hundreds of adventure seekers in the summer months.
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== Ekologi ==
{{main|Polusi ing Gangga}}
[[Gambar:Kolkata Bagbazar Ghat.jpg|thumb|Wong adus ing Kali Gangga ing Kalkuta]]
[[Gambar:Ganges ceremony.jpg|thumb|Upacara A Hindhu ing Varanasi]]
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As it flows through highly populous areas the Ganges collects large amounts of human pollutants, e.g., ''[[Schistosoma mansoni]]'' and ''[[faecal coliforms]]'', and drinking and bathing in its waters therefore carries a high risk of infection. While proposals have been made for remediating this condition, little progress has been achieved.

The combination of [[bacteriophage]]s and large populations of people bathing in the river have apparently produced a self-purification effect, in which water-bourne bacteria such as [[dysentery]] and [[cholera]] are killed off, preventing large-scale epidemics.  The river also has an unusual ability to retain dissolved oxygen, but the reason for this ability is not known.<ref>Self-purification effect of bacteriophages, oxygen retention mystery: [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17134270 Mystery Factor Gives Ganges a Clean Reputation] by Julian Crandall Hollick.  National Public Radio.</ref>

A UN Climate Report issued in 2007 indicates that the Himalayan glaciers that feed the Ganges may disappear by 2030, after which the river's flow would be a seasonal occurrence resulting from [[monsoon]]s.<ref> [http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/06/24/global_warming_threatens_to_dry_up_ganges/ The Boston Globe]</ref>
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== Uga delengen ==
* [[Delta Gangga]]
* [[Muara Gangga]]
* [[Sankat Mochan Foundation|Swatch Ganga (Gangga Resik) Kampanye]]

== Cathetan ==
{{reflist}}

== Rujukan ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Alley|first= Kelly D.|title=On the Banks of the Ganga: When Wastewater Meets a Sacred River|publisher= University of Michigan press|year=2002|id=ISBN 0-472-06808-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Alter|first=Stephen|title=Sacred Waters: A Pilgrimage up the Ganges River to the Source of Hindhu Culture|publisher=. Harcourt|date=October 2001|id=ISBN 0-15-100585-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Berwick|first=Dennison|authorlink= Dennison Berwick|title=A Walk Along the Ganges}}
* {{cite book|last=Darian|first=Steven G|title=The Ganges in Myth and History|publisher=The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu|year=1978|id=ISBN 0-8248-0509-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Newby|first=Eric|authorlink= Eric Newby|title=Slowly down the Ganges|year=1966|id= ISBN 0-86442-631-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Hillary|first=Edmund|authorlink=Edmund Hillary|title=From the Ocean to the Sky: Jet Boating Up the Ganges|publisher=  Ulverscroft Large Print Books Ltd|date=November 1980|id=ISBN 0-7089-0587-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Misra|first=Subhash|authorlink=Subhash Misra|title=Gangasmriti & Other Poems|publisher=Writers Workshop|year=2005|id=ISBN 81-8157-331-5}}
{{refend}}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{sisterlinks}}
* [http://www.cs.albany.edu/~amit/ganges.html Ganges (Ganga)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218140928/http://www.cs.albany.edu/~amit/ganges.html |date=2009-02-18 }}
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/gallery/070607/GAL-07Jun07-77064/index.html Melting Glaciers Threaten Ganges]
* [http://www.indiantemples.com/Ganga/ganga.html The River Ganges]

{{Kali lan tlaga ing Asia Kidul}}

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