Deleng sumberé Kali Brahmaputra

[[Gambar:Brahmaputrarivermap.png|thumb|240px|Peta Brahmaputra]]
[[Gambar:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Kali Yarlung Tsangpo (Tibet)|Kali Yarlung Tsangpo]] ing [[Tibet]].]]
[[Gambar:Brahmaputra-verlaufsgebiet.jpg|thumb|240px|Brahmaputra]]
[[Gambar:Homeward bound.jpg|thumb|240px|Panorama Brahmaputra saka cedhak Sukleswar ghat ing [[Guwahati]].]]
'''Kali Brahmaputra''',<ref>Brahmaputra uga diarani ing sawetara basa: {{lang-Assamese1|ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ}} ''{{translit-Assamese2|Brôhmôputrô}}''; {{lang-bn|ব্রহ্মপুত্র}} ''{{translit-Bengali2|Bromhoputro}}''; {{lang-Hindi1|ब्रम्हपुत्र}}, {{IAST-Hindi1|Bramhaputra}}; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} Yarlung Tsangpo</ref> uga diarani Tsangpo-Brahmaputra, iku sawijining kali [[lintas-wates]] lan salah siji saka kali-kali utama ing [[Asia]].

Saka asal sumberé ing [[Tibet]] kidul-kulon minangka [[Kali Yarlung Tsangpo (Tibet)|Kali Yarlung Tsangpo]], kali iki mili ngliwati Tibet kidul nembus pagunungan [[Himalaya]] ing sawijiné jurang gedhé lan lumebu menyang tlatah[[Arunachal Pradesh]] lan ing kana sinebut [[Kali Dihang]].<ref name="eosweb">{{cite web|url=http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/HPDOCS/misr/misr_html/yarlang_tsangpo.html|title=Yarlung Tsangpo River in China|publisher=Atmospheric Data Science Center|accessdate=2007-06-27|archive-date=2012-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324175159/http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/HPDOCS/misr/misr_html/yarlang_tsangpo.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kali iki sabanjuré mili tumuju kidul-kulon ngliwati Lembah Assam banjur sinebut [[Brahmaputra]] lan terus mangidul ngliwati [[Bangladesh]] (ing kana diarani [[Kali Jamuna|Jamuna]]). Ing tlatah iki Kali Brahmaputa nggabung karo [[Kali Gangga|Gangga]] lan ndadèkaké sawijining dhèlta kang gedhé. Watara 1,800&nbsp;mi (2,900&nbsp;km) dawané, kali iki minangka sumber wigati tumrap irigasi lan transportasi. Ing pérangan ndhuwur suwé ora dikawruhi, lan anané karo Kali Yarlung Tsangpo lagi diweruhi liwat eksplorasi ing taun 1884-86. Kali iki kerep sinebut Kali Tsangpo-Brahmaputra.

Sanajan akèh kali-kali ing India lan Bangladesh nduwé jeneng wanita, kali iki duwé jeneng lanang kang langka, kang tegesé "putra [[Brahma]]" ing basa [[Sanskreta]].

Mèh sadawaning Kali Brahmaputra iku bisa dilayari. Ing pérangan ngisor dianggep suci déning masarakat [[Hindhu]]. Kali iki nduwé potènsi banjir gedhé ing mangsa semi nalika salju ing pagunungan Himalaya salju lèlèh dadi banyu. Kali iki uga salah siji saka sethithik kali ing donya kang duwé "ombak pasang".
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==River course==
===Tibet===
The [[Yarlung Tsangpo River (Tibet)|Yarlung Tsangpo]] originates in the ''Jima Yangzong'' glacier<ref>''[http://www.100gogo.com/canyon.htm The New Largest Canyon in the World]'' from [http://www.100gogo.com 100gogo.com]''</ref> near [[Mount Kailash]] in the northern Himalayas.  It then flows east for about 1700 km, at an average height of 4000 m, and is thus the highest of the major rivers in the world.  At its easternmost point, it bends around [[Mt. Namcha Barwa]], and forms the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Canyon]] which is considered the deepest in the world.<ref>''[http://www.canyonsworldwide.com/tibet/mainframe2.html Canyonlands of Tibet and Central Asia]'', from [http://www.canyonsworldwide.com canyonsworldwide.com].</ref>

===India===
As the river enters [[Arunachal Pradesh]], it is called ''Siang'' and makes a very rapid descend from its original height in Tibet, and finally appears in the plains, where it is called ''Dihang''.  It flows for about 35 km and is joined by two other major rivers: [[Dibang Valley district|Dibang]] and [[Lohit River|Lohit]].  From this point of confluence, the river becomes very wide and is called Brahmaputra. It is joined in [[Sonitpur|Sonitpur District]] by the Jia Bhoreli (named the [[Kameng River]] where it flows from [[Arunachal Pradesh]]) and flows through the entire stretch of [[Assam]].  In Assam the river is sometimes as wide as 10 km.  Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur district]]s the river divides into two channels---the northern ''Kherkutia'' channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel.  The two channels join again about 100 km downstream forming the [[Majuli]] island.  At [[Guwahati]] near the  ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the Shillong Plateau, and is at its narrowest at 1 km bank-to-bank.  Because the Brahmaputra is the narrowest at this point the [[Battle of Saraighat]] was fought here. The first rail-cum-road bridge across the Brahmaputra was opened to traffic in April 1962 at Saraighat.  
[[Image:sarania-hills-brahmaputra.jpg|right|240px|thumb]]
The old [[Sanskrit]] name for the river is ''{{IAST2|Lauhitya}}'' and the local name in Assam is ''{{translit-Assamese2|Luit}}''.  
The native inhabitants, i.e., the [[Bodos]] called the river ''{{translit-Bodo2|Bhullam-buthur}}'', which means 'making a gurgling sound', later Sanskritized into ''{{IAST2|Brahmaputra}}''.

When compared to the other major rivers in India, the Brahmaputra is less polluted but it has its own problems: petroleum refining units contribute most of the industrial pollution load into the basin along with other medium and small industries. The main problem facing the river basin is that of constant flooding. Floods have been occurring more often in recent years with deforestation, and other human activities being the major causes.

===Bangladesh===
[[Image:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|right|240px|thumb|A Map showing major rivers in Bangladesh including both branches of Brahmaputra - [[Jamuna River|Jamuna]] and lower Brahmaputra.]]

In [[Bangladesh]], the Brahmaputra splits into two branches: the much larger branch continues due south as the [[Jamuna River|Jamuna]] (''{{translit-Bengali2|Jomuna}}'') and flows into the Lower [[Ganges River|Ganges]], locally called [[Padma River|Padma]] (''{{translit-Bengali2|Pôdda}}''), while the older branch curves southeast as the lower Brahmaputra (''{{translit-Bengali2|Bromhoputro}}'') and flows into the [[Meghna River|Meghna]]. Both paths eventually reconverge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] in  Bangladesh and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. However, the actual [[Brahmaputra]] river in Bangladesh passes through the [[Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] district. Fed by the waters of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] and Brahmaputra, this river system forms the [[Ganges Delta]], the largest [[river delta]] in the [[world]].

==Flooding==
During the monsoon season (June-October), floods are a common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstearm habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phonomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970-71 and 1994-95). Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case
Study of Darrang District. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Shrivastava, R.J. and Heinen, J.T. 2005. Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. Journal of Ecological Anthropology 9: 20-34.</ref>

==Transportation and navigation==
Until Indian independence in 1947, the Brahmaputra was used as a major waterway.  In the 1990s, the stretch between [[Sadiya]] and [[Dhubri]] in India was declared as National Waterway No.2., and it provides facilities for goods transportation.  Recent years have seen a modest spurt in the growth of river cruises with the introduction of the cruise ship, "Charaidew", by Assam Bengal Navigation.

==See also==
* [[List of rivers in Bangladesh]]
* [[List of rivers in China]]
* [[List of rivers in India]]
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== Cathetan lan referensi ==
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* {{Nuttall}}
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== Wacan terusan ==
* [http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/B_0615.htm Banglapedia:Brahmaputra River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054305/http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/B_0615.htm |date=2015-12-08 }}
* [http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/O_0015.htm Banglapedia:Old Brahmaputra River]
* [http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/B_0616.htm Banglapedia:Brahmaputra-Jamuna River System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208064854/http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/B_0616.htm |date=2015-12-08 }}
* [http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113341/http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water |date=2011-02-09 }} See ''Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers'' section.
* [http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm |date=2006-05-09 }}
* [http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html |date=2007-03-11 }}

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