Deleng sumberé Roentgenium

{{Elementbox_header | number=111 | symbol=Rg | name=roentgenium | left=[[darmstadtium]] | right=[[kopernisium]] | above=[[emas|Au]] | below=(Uhu) | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black}}
{{Elementbox_series | [[logam transisi]]}}
{{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=11 | period=7 | block=d}}
{{Elementbox_appearance | unknown, predicted colourless}}
{{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [280]}}
{{Elementbox_econfig | predicted &#91;[[radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f<sup>14</sup> 6d<sup>9</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup>}}
{{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2}}
{{Elementbox_phase | presumably a [[solid]]}}
{{Elementbox_cas_number | 54386-24-2}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=280 | sym=Rg | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=3.6 s | dm=[[alpha decay|α]] | de=9.75 | pn=276 | ps=Mt}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=279 | sym=Rg | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=170 ms | dm=α | de=10.37 | pn=275 | ps=Mt}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=278 | sym=Rg | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=4.2 ms | dm=α | de=10.69 | pn=274 | ps=Mt}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=274 | sym=Rg | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=15 ms | dm=α | de=11.23 | pn=270 | ps=Mt}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=272 | sym=Rg | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=1.6 ms | dm=α | de=11.02,10.82 | pn=268 | ps=Mt}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_end}}
{{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black}}

'''Roentgenium''' ({{pronEng|rɛntˈgɛniəm}}, {{IPA|/rʌntˈdʒɛniəm/}}<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Roentgenium]</ref>) iku sawijining [[unsur kimia]] sajeroning [[tabel périodik]] kanthi simbul '''Rg''' lan [[nomer atom]] 111.
Unsur iki kalebu unsur sintètis, sing isotopé sing stabil dhéwé ndarbèni massa 283 lan separo uripé (''half life'') 10 menit. 

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==Official discovery==
Element 111 was officially discovered by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber, and their team working at the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] (GSI) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]] on December 8, 1994.<ref name=95Ho01>[http://springerlink.com/content/k27n1510t165q17n "The new element 111"], Hofmann et al., Z. Phys. A., 1995, 350, 4. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]/</ref> 
Only three [[atom]]s of it were observed (all <sup>272</sup>Rg), by the cold fusion between <sup>64</sup>Ni ions and a <sup>209</sup>Bi target in a [[linear accelerator]]:
:<math>\,^{209}_{83}\mathrm{Bi} + \,^{64}_{28}\mathrm{Ni} \, \to \,^{272}_{111}\mathrm{Rg} + \; ^1_0\mathrm{n}.</math>

In 2001, the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) from concluded that there was insufficient evidence for the discovery at that moment in time.<ref>[http://iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/7306x0959.pdf "ON THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELEMENTS 110–112"], '''Karol et al.''', ''Pure Appl. Chem.'', Vol. 73, No. 6, pp. 959–967, 2001. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref>  The GSI team repeated their experiment in 2000 and detected a further 3 atoms.<ref name=02Ho01>[http://springerlink.com/content/b8hxq636ubkc47j2 "New results on elements 111 and 112"], '''Hofmann et al.''', ''Eur. Phys. J. A.'', 2002, 14, 2. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]/</ref><ref>[http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Nuc_St/7/ar-2000-z111-z112.pdf "New results on element 111 and 112"], '''Hofmann et al.''', ''GSI report 2000''. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref>  In their 2003 report, the JWP decided that the GSI team should be acknowledged as the discoverers. <ref>[http://iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7510x1601.pdf "ON THE CLAIMS FOR DISCOVERY OF ELEMENTS 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, AND 118*"], '''Karol et al.''', ''Pure Appl. Chem.'', Vol. 75, No. 10, pp. 1601–1611, 2003. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref>

==Proposed name==
The name ''roentgenium'' (Rg) was proposed by the GSI team<ref>[http://iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/Corish_pr111.pdf "NAME AND SYMBOL OF THE ELEMENT WITH ATOMIC NUMBER 111"], '''Corish et al.''', ''IUPAC Provisional Recommendations''. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref> and was accepted as a permanent name on [[November 1]] [[2004]] in honor of the German physicist [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]].<ref>[http://iupac.org/publications/pac/2004/pdf/7612x2101.pdf "Name and symbol of the element with atomic number 111"], '''Corish et al.''', ''Pure Appl. Chem.'', 2004, Vol. 76, No. 12, pp. 2101-2103. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref>  Previously the element was known under the temporary [[IUPAC]] [[systematic element name]] ''unununium'' ({{pronEng|ˌjuːnənˈjuːniəm}} or {{IPA|/ˌʌnəˈnʌniəm/}}<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/unununium]</ref>), ''Uuu''. Some research has referred to it as ''[[Mendeleev's predicted elements|eka]]-[[gold (element)|gold]]''.

The official baptism took place at GSI, on Friday [[November 17]] [[2006]], in presence of [[Annette Schavan]], the Federal German Minister of Research.<ref>[http://www.gsi.de/portrait/Pressemeldungen/17112006_e.html official baptism]</ref>

==Electronic structure==
===Non-relativistic===
[[Image:electron shell 111 Roentgenium.svg|thumb|150px|left]]
Roentgenium has 6 full [[electron shell|shell]]s, 7[[s block|s]]+5[[p block|p]]+3[[d block|d]]+2[[f block|f]]=17 full [[subshell]]s, and 111 [[atomic orbital|orbitals]]:

Bohr model: 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 1

Quantum mechanical model: 1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>3d<sup>10</sup>
4p<sup>6</sup>5s<sup>2</sup>4d<sup>10</sup>5p<sup>6</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>4f<sup>14</sup>5d<sup>10</sup>
6p<sup>6</sup>7s<sup>1</sup>5f<sup>14</sup>6d<sup>10</sup>

===Relativistic===
The stable group 11 elements, copper, silver, and gold all have an outer electron configuration nd<sup>10</sup>(n+1)s<sup>1</sup>. For each of these elements, their first excited state has a configuration nd<sup>9</sup>(n+1)s<sup>2</sup>. Due to [[spin-orbit coupling]] between the s electrons, this state is split into a pair of energy levels. For copper, the difference in energy between the ground state and lowest excited state causes the metal to appear reddish. For silver, the energy gap widens and it become silvery. However, as Z increases, the excited levels are stabilised by relativistic effects and in gold the energy gap decreases again and it appears gold. For roentgenium, calculations indicate that the 6d<sup>9</sup>7s<sup>2</sup> level is stabilised to such an extent that it becomes the ground state. The resulting energy difference between the new ground state and the first excited state is similar to that of silver and roentgenium is expected to be silvery in appearance.<ref>[http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jnrs/paper/JN52/j052Turler.pdf "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements"], '''Turler, A.''', ''Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences'', Vol. 5, No.2, pp. R19-R25, 2004. Retrieved on [[2008-03-03]]</ref>

==Extrapolated chemical properties of eka-gold/dvi-silver==
===Oxidation states===
Element 111 is projected to be the ninth member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of group 11 (IB) in the Periodic Table, below [[copper]], [[silver]], and [[gold]].  Each of the members of this group show different stable states. Copper forms a stable +II state, whilst silver is predominantly found as Ag(I) and gold as Au(III). Copper(I) and silver(II) are also relatively well-known. Roentgenium is therefore expected to predominantly form a stable +III state.

===Chemistry===
The heavier members of this group are well known for their lack of [[reactivity]] or [[noble metal|noble]] character. [[Silver]] and [[gold]] are both [[inert]] to [[oxygen]]. They are both however attacked by the [[halogen]]s. In addition, [[silver]] is attacked by [[sulfur]] and [[hydrogen sulfide]], highlighting its higher reactivity to [[gold]]. Roentgenium is expected to be even more noble than gold and can be expected to be inert to oxygen and halogens. The most-likely reaction is with fluorine to form a trifluoride, RgF<sub>3</sub>.

==History of synthesis of isotopes by cold fusion==
===<sup>209</sup>Bi(<sup>64</sup>Ni,xn)<sup>273−x</sup>Rg (x=1)===
First experiments to synthesize element 111 were performed by the [[Dubna]] team in 1986 using this cold fusion reaction. No atoms were identified that could be assigned to atoms of element 111 and a production cross-section limit of 4 pb was determined.  After an upgrade of their facilities, the team at GSI successfully detected 3 atoms of <sup>272</sup>Rg in their discovery experiment.<ref name=95Ho01/> A further 3 atoms were synthesized in 2000.<ref name=02Ho01/> The discovery of roentgenium was confirmed in 2003 when a team at [[RIKEN]] measured the decays of 14 atoms of <sup>272</sup>Rg during the measurement of the 1n excitation function.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVB-4GST10Y-N&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ed38b3cbabf32e057b4328ad84e5d886 "Status of heavy element research using GARIS at RIKEN"], '''Morita et al.''', ''Nucl. Phys. A734'', 101 (2004). Retrieved on [[2008-03-03]]</ref>

===<sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>65</sup>Cu,xn)<sup>273−x</sup>Rg (x=1)===
In 2004, as part of their study of odd-Z projectiles in cold fusion reactions, the team at LBNL detected a single atom of <sup>272</sup>Rg in this new reaction.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v93/i21/e212702 "Development of an Odd-Z-Projectile Reaction for Heavy Element Synthesis: <sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>64</sup>Ni,n)<sup>271</sup>Ds and <sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>65</sup>Cu,n)<sup>272</sup>111"], '''Folden et al.''', ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'', 93, 212702 (2004). Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref><ref>[http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2704&context=lbnl "Development of an Odd-Z-Projectile Reaction for Heavy Element Synthesis: <sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>64</sup>Ni,n)<sup>271</sup>Ds and <sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>65</sup>Cu,n)<sup>272</sup>111"], '''Folden et al.''', ''LBNL repositories''. Retrieved on [[2008-03-02]]</ref>

==History of synthesis of isotopes as decay products==
Isotopes of roentgenium have also been observed in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are outlined in the table below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Evaporation residue!!Observed Rg isotope
|-
|<sup>288</sup>115||<sup>280</sup>Rg <ref name=E115ref>see [[ununpentium]] for details</ref>
|-
|<sup>287</sup>115||<sup>279</sup>Rg <ref name=E115ref/>
|-
|<sup>282</sup>113||<sup>278</sup>Rg <ref name=E113ref>see [[ununtrium]] for details</ref>
|-
|<sup>278</sup>113||<sup>274</sup>Rg <ref name=E113ref/>
|}
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== Kronologi temon isotop ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Isotop!!Taun temon!!Réaksi
|-
|<sup>272</sup>Rg||1994||<sup>209</sup>Bi(<sup>64</sup>Ni,n)
|-
|<sup>273</sup>Rg||ora dimangertèni||
|-
|<sup>274</sup>Rg||2004||<sup>209</sup>Bi(<sup>70</sup>Zn,n) <ref name=E113ref/> 
|-
|<sup>275</sup>Rg||ora dimangertèni||
|-
|<sup>276</sup>Rg||ora dimangertèni||
|-
|<sup>277</sup>Rg||ora dimangertèni|| 
|-
|<sup>278</sup>Rg||2006||<sup>237</sup>Np(<sup>48</sup>Ca,3n) <ref name=E113ref/>
|-
|<sup>279</sup>Rg||2003||<sup>243</sup>Am(<sup>48</sup>Ca,4n) <ref name=E115ref/>
|-
|<sup>280</sup>Rg||2003||<sup>243</sup>Am(<sup>48</sup>Ca,3n) <ref name=E115ref/>
|}
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==Chemical yields of isotopes==
===Cold fusion===
The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing roentgenium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Projectile!!Target!!CN!!1n!!2n!!3n
|-
|<sup>64</sup>Ni||<sup>209</sup>Bi||<sup>273</sup>Rg!|3.5 pb, 12.5 MeV
|-
|<sup>65</sup>Cu||<sup>208</sup>Pb||<sup>273</sup>Rg||1.7 pb, 13.2 MeV
|}

==Isotopes==
Five [[isotope]]s of roentgenium are known. The longest-lived of these is <sup>280</sup>Rg, which decays through [[alpha decay]] and has a halflife of 3.6 seconds. The shortest-lived isotope is <sup>272</sup>Rg, which decays through alpha decay and has a halflife of 1.6 [[milliseconds|ms]].

==Isomerism in roentgenium nuclides==
===<sup>274</sup>Rg===
Two atoms of <sup>274</sup>Rg have been observed in the decay chains starting with <sup>278</sup>113. The two events occur with different energies and with different lifetimes. In addition, the two entire decay chains appear to be different. This suggests the presence of two isomeric levels but further research is required.

===<sup>272</sup>Rg===
The direct production of <sup>272</sup>Rg has provided four alpha lines at 11.37, 11.03, 10.82, and 10.40 MeV. The GSI measured a [[half-life]] of 1.6 ms whilst recent data from RIKEN has given a [[half-life]] of 3.8 ms. The conflicting data may be due to isomeric levels but the current data are insufficient to come to any firm assignments.

==Future experiments==
To date there has been no attempt to synthesise roentgenium in hot fusion reactions. It has been mentioned by the Dubna team that they could complete their Ca-48 projectile program by studying the reaction
:<math>\,^{231}_{91}\mathrm{Pa} + \,^{48}_{20}\mathrm{Ca} \,\to \,^{279}_{111}\mathrm{Rg}^{*}\to \,^{276,275,274}\mathrm{Rg}.</math>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
*[[Island of stability]]
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== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons|Roentgenium}}
*[http://webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Rg/index.html WebElements.com: Roentgenium]
*[http://iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/corish_311004.html IUPAC: Proposal of name ''roentgenium'' for element 111] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202171641/http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/corish_311004.html |date=2008-12-02 }}
*[http://iupac.org/news/archives/2004/naming111.html IUPAC: Element 111 is named roentgenium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309130351/http://iupac.org/news/archives/2004/naming111.html |date=2008-03-09 }}
*[http://www.apsidium.com/elements/111.htm Apsidium: Roentgenium 111] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322204621/http://www.apsidium.com/elements/111.htm |date=2007-03-22 }}
*[http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/uuu.html Unununium Element At Chemicalelements.com]
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