Deleng sumberé Praseodimium

{{Elementbox_header | number=59 | symbol=Pr | name={{lc:{{PAGENAME}}}} | left=[[cerium]] | right=[[neodymium]] | above=- | below=[[protactinium|Pa]] | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }}
{{Elementbox_series | [[lanthanide]]s }}
{{Elementbox_periodblock | period=6 | block=f }}
{{Elementbox_appearance_img | Pr,59| grayish white }}
{{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|140.90765]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(2)]] }}
{{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&#93; 4f<sup>3</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup> }}
{{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2 }}
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{{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }}
{{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 6.77 }}
{{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 6.50 }}
{{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1208 | c=935 | f=1715 }}
{{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=3793 | c=3520 | f=6368 }}
{{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 6.89 }}
{{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 331 }}
{{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 27.20 }}
{{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 1771 | 1973 | (2227) | (2571) | (3054) | (3779) | comment= }}
{{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }}
{{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal }}
{{Elementbox_oxistates | 3<br />(mildly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) }}
{{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.13 }}
{{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 527 | 1020 | 2086 }}
{{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|185]] }}
{{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-10 m|247]] }}
{{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }}
{{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }}
{{Elementbox_eresist_ohmm | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (α, poly)<br />0.700 µ}}
{{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 12.5 }}
{{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmk | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (α, poly)<br />6.7 }}
{{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20 | 2280 }}
{{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | (α form) 37.3 }}
{{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | (α form) 14.8 }}
{{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | (α form) 28.8 }}
{{Elementbox_poissonratio | (α form) 0.281 }}
{{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa | 400 }}
{{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 481 }}
{{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-10-0 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=141 | sym=Pr | na=100% | n=82 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=142 | sym=Pr
 | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=19.12 h
 | dm1=[[beta minus decay|β<sup>-</sup>]] | de1=2.162 | pn1=142 | ps1=[[neodymium|Nd]]
 | dm2=[[electron capture|ε]] | de2=0.745 | pn2=142 | ps2=[[cerium|Ce]]	}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=143 | sym=Pr
 | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=13.57 [[day|d]]
 | dm=[[beta emission|β<sup>-</sup>]] | de=0.934 | pn=143 | ps=[[neodymium|Nd]] }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_end}}
{{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }}

'''Praseodymium''' ({{pronEng|ˌpreɪzioʊˈdɪmiəm}} utawa {{IPA|/ˌpreɪsioʊˈdɪmiəm/}}) iku [[unsur kimia]]  kanthi simbul '''Pr''' lan [[nomer atom]] 59.
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== Notable characteristics ==
Praseodymium is a soft silvery [[metal]] in the [[lanthanide]] group. It is somewhat more resistant to [[corrosion]] in air than [[europium]], [[lanthanum]], [[cerium]], or [[neodymium]], but it does develop a green [[oxide]] coating that [[spall]]s off when exposed to air, exposing more metal to [[oxidation]]. For this reason, praseodymium should be stored under a light [[mineral oil]] or sealed in glass.

== Applications ==
Uses of praseodymium:

* As an [[alloy]]ing agent with [[magnesium]] to create high-strength metals that are used in [[aircraft engine]]s. 
* Praseodymium forms the core of [[carbon arc light]]s which are used in the [[movie studio|motion picture industry]] for [[studio]] lighting and [[projector]] lights. 
* Praseodymium [[chemical compound|compounds]]  give [[glass]]es and [[vitreous enamel|enamels]] a yellow color.
* Praseodymium is used to color [[cubic zirconia]] yellow-green, to simulate [[peridot]].
* Praseodymium is a component of [[didymium]] glass, which is used to make certain types of [[welding|welder]]'s and [[glass blowing|glass blower]]'s goggles.
* Praseodymium mixed with silicate crystal has been used to [[slow light|slow a light pulse]] down to a few hundred meters per second.
* Praseodymium alloyed with [[nickel]] (PrNi<sub>5</sub>) has such a strong [[Magnetic refrigeration#The magnetocaloric effect|magnetocaloric effect]] that it has allowed scientists to approach within one thousandth of a degree of [[absolute zero]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Emsley | first = John| title = NATURE'S BUILDING BLOCKS | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2001 | pages = pp. 342 | id = ISBN 0-19-850341-5 }}</ref>.
* Doping praseodymium in fluoride glass can be used as single mode fiber amplifier
* Praseodymium oxide in solid solution with ceria, or with ceria-zirconia, have been used as oxidation catalysts.

== History ==
The name ''praseodymium'' comes from the [[Greece|Greek]] ''prasios'', meaning green, and ''didymos'', twin. Praseodymium is frequently [[Misspelling|misspelled]] as praseody'''n'''ium.

In [[1841]], [[Carl Gustaf Mosander|Mosander]] extracted the rare earth [[didymium]] from [[lanthana]]. In [[1874]], [[Per Teodor Cleve]] concluded that didymium was in fact two elements, and in [[1879]], [[Lecoq de Boisbaudran]] isolated a new earth, [[samarium]], from didymium obtained from the mineral [[samarskite]]. In [[1885]], the [[Austria]]n [[chemist]] baron [[Carl Auer von Welsbach]] separated didymium into two elements, praseodymium and [[neodymium]], which gave [[salt]]s of different [[color]]s.

Leo Moser (not to be confused with [[Leo Moser]], a mathematician) investigated the use of praseodymium in glass coloration in the late 1920s. The result was a yellow-green glass given the name "Prasemit".  However, a similar color could be achieved with colorants costing only a minute fraction of what praseodymium cost in the late 1920s, such that the color was not popular, few pieces were made, and examples are now extremely rare.  Moser also blended praseodymium with neodymium to produce "Heliolite" glass ("Heliolit" in [[German language|German]]), which was more widely accepted.  The first enduring commercial use of praseodymium, which continues today, is in the form of a yellow-orange stain for ceramics, "Praseodymium Yellow", which is a solid-solution of praseodymium in the [[zirconium silicate]] (zircon) lattice.  This stain has no hint of green in it.  By contrast, at sufficiently high loadings, praseodymium glass is distinctly green, rather than pure yellow.

Praseodymium has historically been a rare earth whose supply has exceeded demand. Unwanted as such, much praseodymium has been marketed as a mixture with lanthanum and cerium, or "LCP" for the first letters of each of the constituents, for use in replacing the traditional lanthanide mixtures that were inexpensively made from monazite or bastnaesite.  LCP is what remains of such mixtures, after the desirable neodymium, and all the heavier, rarer and more valuable lanthanides have been removed, by solvent extraction.  However, as technology progresses, praseodymium has been found possible to incorporate into neodymium-iron-boron magnets, thereby extending the supply of the much in demand neodymium. So LC is starting to replace LCP as a result.

== Occurrence ==
Praseodymium is available in small quantities in Earth’s crust (9.5 [[parts per million|ppm]]). It is found in the rare earth minerals [[monazite]] and [[bastnasite]], typically comprising about 5% of the lanthanides contained therein, and can be recovered from bastnasite or monazite by an [[ion exchange]] process, or by counter-current solvent extraction.

Praseodymium also makes up about 5% of [[misch metal]].

== Compounds ==
Praseodymium compounds include:

* [[Fluoride]]s: [[praseodymium(II) fluoride|PrF<sub>2</sub>]], [[praseodymium(III) fluoridex|PrF<sub>3</sub>]], [[praseodymium(IV) fluoride|PrF<sub>4</sub>]]
* [[Chloride]]s: [[praseodymium(III) chloride|PrCl<sub>3</sub>]]
* [[Bromide]]s: [[praseodymium(III) bromide|PrBr<sub>3</sub>]], [[praseodymium bromide|Pr<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>5</sub>]]
* [[Iodide]]s: [[praseodymium(II) iodide|PrI<sub>2</sub>]], [[praseodymium(III) iodide|PrI<sub>3</sub>]], [[praseodymium iodide|Pr<sub>2</sub>I<sub>5</sub>]]
* [[Oxide]]s: [[praseodymium(IV) oxide|PrO<sub>2</sub>]], [[praseodymium(III) oxide|Pr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]], [[praseodymium oxide|Pr<sub>6</sub>O<sub>11</sub>]]
* [[Sulfide]]s: [[praseodymium(II) sulfide|PrS]], [[praseodymium(III) sulfide|Pr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>]]
* [[Selenide]]s: [[praseodymium(II) selenide|PrSe]]
* [[Telluride (chemistry)|Tellurides]]: [[praseodymium(II) telluride|PrTe]], [[praseodymium(III) telluride|Pr<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub>]]
* [[Nitride]]s: [[praseodymium nitride|PrN]]

''See also [[:Category:Praseodymium compounds|praseodymium compounds]].''

== Isotopes ==
{{main|isotopes of praseodymium}}
Naturally occurring praseodymium is composed of one stable [[isotope]], <sup>141</sup>Pr. Thirty-eight [[radioisotope]]s have been characterized with the most stable being <sup>143</sup>Pr with a [[half-life]] of 13.57 days and <sup>142</sup>Pr with a half-life of 19.12 hours. All of the remaining [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives that are less than 5.985 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds. This element also has six [[meta state]]s with the most stable being <sup>138m</sup>Pr (t<sub>½</sub> 2.12 hours), <sup>142m</sup>Pr (t<sub>½</sub> 14.6 minutes) and <sup>134m</sup>Pr (t<sub>½</sub> 11 minutes).

The isotopes of praseodymium range in [[atomic weight]] from 120.955 [[atomic mass unit|u]] (<sup>121</sup>Pr) to 158.955 u (<sup>159</sup>Pr). The primary [[decay mode]] before the stable isotope, <sup>141</sup>Pr, is [[electron capture]] and the primary mode after is [[beta minus decay]]. The primary [[decay product]]s before <sup>141</sup>Pr are element 58 ([[cerium]]) isotopes and the primary products after are element 60 ([[neodymium]]) isotopes.

== Precautions ==
Like all rare earths, praseodymium is of low to moderate toxicity. Praseodymium has no known biological role.
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== Rujukan ==
<references/>
* [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/59.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Praseodymium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040220185615/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/59.html |date=2004-02-20 }}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons|Praseodymium}}
{{wiktionary|praseodymium}}
* [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pr/index.html WebElements.com – Praseodymium]
* [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele059.html It's Elemental – The Element Praseodymium]
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