Deleng sumberé Perang Viètnam

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Perang Viètnam
|partof=[[Perang Dingin]]
|image=
|caption=Désa Viet Cong sawisé diserang.
|date= 1957 – April 30, 1975
|place=[[Asia Kidul-Wétan]]
|casus=
|territory=Manunggalé Viètnam.
|result=Kamenangan kolosal Républik Dhémokratik Viètnam
|combatant1=[[Gambar:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|22px]] [[Républik Viètnam]]<br />{{USA}}<br />{{KOR}}<br />{{THA}}<br />{{AUS}}<br />{{NZL}}<br />{{PHI}}
|combatant2=[[Gambar:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|22px]] [[Républik Dhémokratik Viètnam]]<br />[[Gambar:FNL Flag.svg|22px]] [[Front Nasional Kamardikan Viètnam Kidul]]<br />{{CHN}}<br />{{PRK}}
|strength1=~1.200.000 (1968)
|strength2=~520.000 (1968)
|casualties1=[[Gambar:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|22px]] RV<br /> mati: 230.000<br /> cidra: 300.000<br />{{USA}}<br /> mati: 58.209<br />cidra: 153.303<br />{{KOR}}<br /> mati: 5.000<br />cidra: 11.000<br />{{AUS}}<br /> mati: 520<br />
|casualties2=[[Gambar:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|22px]] [[Gambar:FNL Flag.svg|22px]] RDV/FNKV<br /> mati: 600.000<br /> cidra: 600.000 <br />{{CHN}}<br /> mati: 1.100<br />cidra: 4.200<br />
|casualties3='''Sipil (warga Viètnam)''': 1.000.000
}}

'''Perang Viètnam''', uga karan '''Perang Indochina Kapindho''', ya iku [[perang]] kang dumadi antarané taun [[1957]] lan taun [[1975]] ing [[Viètnam]]. Perang iki wujud péranganing [[Perang Dingin]].

Rong kubu kang perang ya iku Républik Viètnam (Viètnam Kidul) lan Républik Dhémokratik Viètnam (Viètnam Lor). [[Amérika Sarékat]], [[Koréa Kidul]], [[Thailand]], [[Australia]], [[Niu Selan]] lan [[Filipina]] sekuton kaliyan Viètnam Kidul, éwadéné [[USSR]] lan [[RRT|Tiongkok]] njurung Viètnam Lor kang wujud nagara [[kuminisme|kuminis]].

Cacahing kurban kang mati diprakiraaké 280.000 ing pihak Kidul lan 1.000.000 ing pihak Lor.

Perang iki njalari [[eksodus]] gedhé-gedhéan warga Viètnam nuju nagara liya, mligi [[Amérika Sarékat]], [[Australia]] lan nagara-nagara Kulon liyané, saéngga ing nagara-nagara mau bisa tinemu komunitas Viètnam kang cukup gedhé.

Sawisé perang iki rampung, kaloro Viètnam mau manunggal taun [[1976]].

Salah siji kurban paling misuwur saka Perang Viètnam ya iku [[Kim Phuc]]

== Latar wuri ==
Viètnam dijajah déning [[Tiongkok]] wiwit taun [[110 SM]] nganti mardika taun [[938]]. Sawisé bébas saka wewengkon panjajahan Tiongkok, Viètnam ora mandheg nentang serangan pihak asing.

Ing abad kaping 19, Viètnam dadi wewengkon jajahan [[Prancis]]. Prancis nguwasani Viètnam sawisé nglakoni sapérangan perang kolonial ing [[Indochina]] wiwit saka taun 1840-an. Ekspansi kakuwasaan Prancis amarga pepénginan kanggo nyaingi kabangkitan [[Britania Raya]] lan kabutuhan kanggo ngèntuki asil bumi kaya bumbon crakèn kanggo nggerakaké indhustri ing Prancis kanggo nyaingi panguwasan indhustri Britania Raya.

Samngsa papréntahan Prancis, golongan rakyat Viètnam diobong semangat [[nasionalisme]] lan péngin [[kamardikan]] saka Prancis. Sapérangan pambrontakan dilakokaké déning akèh golongan-golongan [[nasionalisme|nasionalis]], nanging upaya iku gagal. Ing taun [[1919]], samangsa [[Prajanjèn Versailles]] dirundhingaké, [[Ho Chi Minh]] njaluk bebarengan nggawé perundhingan supaya Viètnam bisa mardika. Panjalukké ditolak lan Viètnam sarta kabèh [[Indochina]] terus dadi jajahan Prancis.

Golongan [[Viet Minh]] pungkasané olèh panyengkuyung populér lan kasil ngusir Prancis saka Viètnam. Sakwéné [[Perang Donya II]], Viètnam dikuwasani déning [[Jepang]]. Pamaréntah [[Prancis Vichy]] bekerjasama kaliyan Jepang lan ngeteraké bala nuju Indochina minangka wadyabala kang kuwasa kanthi ''de facto'' ing kawasan mau. Pamaréntah Perancis Vichy tetep nglakokaké papréntahan kaya biyasa nganti taun [[1944]] nalika Perancis Vichy tiba sawisé bala sekuthu naklukaké Prancis lan jendral [[Charles de Gaulle]] diangkat minangka pamimpin Prancis.

Sawisé pamaréntah Perancis Vichy ambruk, pamaréntah Jepang nggalakaké kebangkitan perobahan nasionalis ing kalangan rakyat Viètnam. Ing pungkasané Perang Donya II, Viètnam diwènèhi kamardikan déning pihak Jepang. Ho Chí Minh bali manèh ing Viètnam kanggé mbébasaken nagarané supaya ora dijajah déning kakuwasaan asing. Panjenengané nampa bantuan golongan OSS (kang bakal malih dadi [[CIA]] mengkoné).

Ing pungkasané Perang Dunia II, perobahan [[Viet Minh]] sangisoré pimpinan Ho Chí Minh kasil mbébaskan Viètnam saka tangan panjajah, nanging mangsané mung singkat. Pihak Jepang nyekel pamaréntah Prancis lan mènèhi Viètnam sawijining wujud “kamardikan” minangka sabagéan saka rancangan Jepang kanggo "mbébasaké" bumi [[Asia]] saka panjajahan kulon. Akèh yasan dipasrahaké dhateng golongan-golongan [[nasionalis]]. Nalika Prancis nyoba ngrebut manèh kakuwasan sawisé Jepang takluk, Prancis dilawan déning wadyabala Viètnam ya iku Vietminh. Vietminh diadegaké ing taun 1941 déning parté kuminis lan dibawahi [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]]. Ing sasi Juli 1954, Prancis lan Vietminh napak astani [[Pasetujon damai Jenewa]]. Vietminh dadi pamaréntah Viètnam Lor lan golongan Viètnam kang anti kuminis, mligi kaum katulik, "nglompok" ing kidul dibawahi Bao Dai, tilas kaisar Viètnam kang wis dicopot ing taun 1945.

Amérika Sarékat njurung papréntahan anti-kuminis ing Viètnam Kidul, lan wiwit ngirim penasihat militèr kanggo mbiyantu nglatih lan njurung wadyabala Viètnam Kidul. Viètnam Kidul wiwit merangi [[Viet Cong]] ing taun 1957. Ing taun1959, Viètnam Lor kanthi gedhèn-gedhènan mbantu Vietcong, lan wiwit nyerang ékan-ékan militèr Viètnam Kidul.

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== Escalation ==

The U.S. responded by sending more assistance to South Viètnam and also sent soldiers as military advisors. But Soviet support for North Viètnam also increased and the communists forces in the South continued to grow stronger. In 1965, the first United States combat troops entered Viètnam. There would be half a million of them by 1968.

[[File:F-4 Phantom II in flying.jpg|thumb|thumb|An [[F-4 Phantom II]] drops bombs in Viètnam]]

Land battles were fought throughout South Viètnam. Thousands of North Viètnamese Army troops were sent to fight in South Viètnam. There were also thousands of communist soldiers from South Viètnam called Vietcong. Because of this it was often hard for American and South Viètnamese troops to tell friendly civilians from dangerous ones. A tragic example of this mistrust was the My Lai Massacre in March 1968, in which U.S. Army troops killed hundreds of people in a South Viètnamese village. The large number of communist fighters throughout the country meant that American bases were often attacked. In February 1968, Vietcong massacred thousands of South Viètnamese civilians in the city of Hue.

The North Viètnamese and Vietcong were supplied by a vast network of hidden trails, known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Supplies and soldiers from North Viètnam were sent through Laos to communists forces in South Viètnam. America subjected to Ho Chi Minh Trail to extremely heavy bombing and three million bombs were dropped on Laos.

Severe communist loses during the 1968 [[Tet Offensive]] made it possible for the U.S. to withdraw many soldiers, a policy called "Viètnamization." South Viètnamese troops were trained and equipped to replace the Americans who left. By 1973, 95 percent of the American troops were gone.

A peace treaty was signed in Paris in January 1973 by all the parties, but fighting continued.

== End of U.S involvement and end of the war ==

Due the huge number of battles and soldiers lost by the U.S., public support declined. In June 1973, the U.S. Congress passed legislation banning further U.S. military involvement in Viètnam. This left the communists free to upgrade the Ho Chi Minh Trail and move supplies south without fear of further U.S. bombing. America sent less and less money and weaponry to South Viètnam. South Viètnam continued to fight by itself. North Viètnam launched a massive military attack on South Viètnam in March 1975. The North Viètnamese forces easily defeated the demoralized army of South Viètnam. On April 30, the communists captured Saigon, the capital. North and South Viètnam became a single country again in [[1976]] called the Socialist Republic of Viètnam.

== Aftermath ==

The communists punished possibly 1 million Viètnamese who had opposed by sending them to "reeducation camps." About 165,000 died in these camps. Many South Viètnamese fled and became "boat people." The United States accepted 823,000 of these while Canada and Australia accepted 137,000 each.

The Viètnam War caused a lot of controversy in the United States. A large scale peace movement demonstrated against the war and [[conscription]]. Some student protestors were even killed for protesting.

Many people felt like they were lied to by the United States government about Viètnam due to cover ups about bombings in [[Cambodia]] and [[Laos]] and the killing of Viètnamese civilians like that of the [[My Lai Massacre]].

The United States used chemical agents such as [[Agent Orange]] to destroy crops and jungle areas. The effects of these chemical agents are still felt today in Viètnam.

Somewhere between 2 and 5.7 million people died in the war. Between 365,000 and 587,000 civilians died. Around 58,000 American troops died.

-->
== Sapérangan prastawa ==
* [[9 Fèbruari]] [[1965]]-Pasukan kombat [[AS]] sepisanan dikirim menyang [[Viètnam Kidul]].
* [[30 Januari]] [[1968]]-[[Serangan Tet]]
* [[5 Fèbruari]] [[1968]]-[[Peperangan Khe Sanh]] diwiwiti.
* [[11 Fèbruari]] [[1973]]-[[Tahanan perang]] [[AS]] sepisanan dibébasaké déning [[Viet Cong]].
* [[27 Fèbruari]] [[1973]]-[[Persetujuan Damai Paris]] kanthi resmi mungkasi Perang Viètnam.
* [[29 Maret]] [[1973]]-Pasukan pungkasan [[Amérika Sarékat]] ninggal [[Viètnam Kidul]].

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3798581.stm The herbicide Agent Orange has left a lasting legacy on Viètnam]
* [http://www.Viètnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/ Virtual Viètnam Archive]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}-Texas Tech University
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/Viètnam/short.history/chap_28.txt The U.S. Army in Viètnam] the official history of the United States Army
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/Viètnam/timeline/ Viètnam war timeline]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} comprehensive timeline of the Viètnam War
* [http://www.globalissues.org/article/402/médhia-propaganda-and-Viètnam War, propaganda, and the médhia: Viètnam]
* [http://www.gisearch.com/ Viètnam Casualties database searchable by first name, last name and location]
* [http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldViètnam/history/index.html Battlefield Viètnam]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} PBS interactive site
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/Viètnam.html Viètnam War Bibliography]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} covers online and published resources
* [http://www.rjsmith.com/kia_tbl.html Casualties - U.S. vs NVA/VC]
* [http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/Viètnam/Viètnamization/default.aspx The Effects of Viètnamization on the Republic of Viètnam's Armed Forces, 1969–1972]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/pacificaviet/ UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Viètnam War Protests]
* [http://www.gettysburg.edu/special_collections/collections/manuscripts/collections/ms044.dot Stephen H. Warner Southeast Asia Photograph Collection at Gettysburg College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024150216/http://www.gettysburg.edu/special_collections/collections/manuscripts/collections/ms044.dot |date=2012-10-24 }}
* [http://www.americanethnography.com/september2008.php American Ethnography – On collecting engraved Zippos from the Viètnam War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926051203/http://www.americanethnography.com/september2008.php |date=2008-09-26 }}
* [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/Viètnam.htm Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy-Viètnam]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} primary sources on U.S. involvement
* [http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=Viètnam Timeline US - Viètnam (1947-2001)]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in Open-Content project [http://www.historycommons.org/project.jsp?project=US_interventions_project History of US Interventions], by Derek, Mitchell
* [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent1.html Complete text of the Gravel Edition of the Pentagon Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818075800/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent1.html |date=2018-08-18 }} with supporting documents, maps, and photos
* [http://www.vietfederation.ca/30-4-00/TonThatThien.htm Sober thoughts on 30 April : The South Viètnam Liberation Front and Hanoi, Myth and Reality] Speech by the former Minister of Information of the Republic of Viètnam.

[[Kategori:Perang]]
[[Kategori:Perang Viètnam| ]]


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