Pangelingan tanduk

Pangelingan tanduk (basa Inggris: working memory) yaiku sistem kognitif sing lagi mergawé utawa tanduk lan ndarbé daya simpen winates kanggo nyinggahaké desana ing sauntara wektu. Pangelingan iki wigati kanggo tumindak nenalaran, gumawé pepunthon, uga solah tingkah saben dina.^[1] ^[2] Pangelingan tanduk asring dipadhakaké karo pangelingan wangen cendhak (short-term memory), nanging sawetara nimpuna nganggep rong wujud pangelingan iki séjé. Amarga pangelingan tanduk ana tumandang ngolah desana, déné pangelingan wangen cendhak mung kanggo nyimpen desana.^[1] ^[3] Pangelingan tanduk minangka gagasan téyoretis sing wigati ing babagan kanggo psikologi kognitif, neuropsikologi, lan neurosains.

1 2 "Executive functions". Annual Review of Psychology. 64: 135–168. 2013. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750. PMC 4084861. PMID 23020641. WM (holding information in mind and manipulating it) is distinct from short-term memory (just holding information in mind). They cluster onto separate factors in factor analyses of children, adolescents, and adults (Alloway et al. 2004, Gathercole et al. 2004). They are linked to different neural subsystems. WM relies more on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas maintaining information in mind but not manipulating it [as long as the number of items is not huge (suprathreshold)] does not need involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (D'Esposito et al. 1999, Eldreth et al. 2006, Smith & Jonides 1999). Imaging studies show frontal activation only in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for memory maintenance that is not suprathreshold.

WM and short-term memory also show different developmental progressions; the latter develops earlier and faster.
↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". Ing Sydor A, Brown RY (èd.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (édhisi ka-2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. kc. 313–321. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. • Executive function, the cognitive control of behavior, depends on the prefrontal cortex, which is highly developed in higher primates and especially humans.
• Working memory is a short-term, capacity-limited cognitive buffer that stores information and permits its manipulation to guide decision-making and behavior. ...
working memory may be impaired in ADHD, the most common childhood psychiatric disorder seen in clinical settings ... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression). ... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.
↑ Cowan N (2008). "Chapter 20 What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?". Essence of Memory. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 169. Elsevier. kc. 323–338. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9. ISBN 978-0-444-53164-3. PMC 2657600. PMID 18394484.

[Executive_functions-1] 1 2 "Executive functions". Annual Review of Psychology. 64: 135–168. 2013. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750. PMC 4084861. PMID 23020641. WM (holding information in mind and manipulating it) is distinct from short-term memory (just holding information in mind). They cluster onto separate factors in factor analyses of children, adolescents, and adults (Alloway et al. 2004, Gathercole et al. 2004). They are linked to different neural subsystems. WM relies more on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas maintaining information in mind but not manipulating it [as long as the number of items is not huge (suprathreshold)] does not need involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (D'Esposito et al. 1999, Eldreth et al. 2006, Smith & Jonides 1999). Imaging studies show frontal activation only in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for memory maintenance that is not suprathreshold.

WM and short-term memory also show different developmental progressions; the latter develops earlier and faster.

[NHM-Cognitive_Control-2] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". Ing Sydor A, Brown RY (èd.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (édhisi ka-2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. kc. 313–321. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. • Executive function, the cognitive control of behavior, depends on the prefrontal cortex, which is highly developed in higher primates and especially humans.
• Working memory is a short-term, capacity-limited cognitive buffer that stores information and permits its manipulation to guide decision-making and behavior. ...
working memory may be impaired in ADHD, the most common childhood psychiatric disorder seen in clinical settings ... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression). ... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.

[Cowan-3] Cowan N (2008). "Chapter 20 What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?". Essence of Memory. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 169. Elsevier. kc. 323–338. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9. ISBN 978-0-444-53164-3. PMC 2657600. PMID 18394484.

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