Pangeran Eugene saking Savoia: Béda antara owahan

Pangeran Eugene saking Savoia
Pangeran Eugene saking Savoia
	Pangeran Eugene saking Savoia dening Jacob van Schuppen
Rerincèn dhiri
Lair	18 Oktober 1663; Hôtel de Soissons, Paris
Pati	21 April 1736 (umur 72); Wina
Jasa militèr
Kasetyan	Wangsa Habsburg
Perang	Perang Turki Agung; • Perang Zenta; Perang Sembilan Tahun; Perang Suksesi Spanyol; • Perang Carpi; • Perang Chiari; • Perang Blenheim; • Perang Turin; • Perang Toulon; • Perang Oudenarde; • Pengepungan Lille; • Perang Malplaquet; • Perang Denain; Perang Austro-Turki tahun 1716–18; • Perang Petrovaradin; • Perang Belgrade; Perang Suksesi Polandia

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Révisi kala 22 April 2013 00.48

Pangeran Eugene saking Savoia (François Eugène; 18 Oktober 1663 – 21 April 1736), minangka salah sijining komandan militer sing paling suksès ing sajarah Eropa modern, sing munggah ing tingkat paling dhuwur negara ing istana kerajaan Wina. Lair ing Paris saka kulawarga aristokrat Wangsa Savoia, Eugene urip ing sekitar istana Raja Prancis Louis XIV saking Prancis. Adedasar fisik lan sikape sing ringkih, Pangeran wiwité disiapaké kanggo makarya ing njero gereja, ananging ing umur 19 taun panjenengané mutusaké kanggo makaryo ing bidang militer. Ditolak déning Louis XIV kanggo kerja ing pasukan Prancis, Eugene pindah ing Austria lan pindah loyalitas menyang Wangsa Habsburg.

Ana enem dekade, Eugene nglayani 3 Kaisar Romawi Suci: Leopold I , Joseph I, lan Charles VI. Panjenengané sing kapisan ndeleng aksi nglawan Turki ing Perang Wina nalika taun 1683 lan salanjuté Perang Turki Agung, sadurungé makarya ing Perang Sangang Taun, mèlu perang bareng karo seduluré, Adipati Savoia.

Ananging, ketenaran Pangeran diamanaké kanthi kamenangan penting nglawan Turki ing medan Perang Zenta nalika taun 1697, sing ngasilaké ketenaran ing kab Eropah. Eugene majukaké karire sasuwéné Perang Suksesi Spanyol lan panjenengané gabung karo Adipati Marlborough ngamanaké kamenangan nglawan Prancis ing medan Perang Blenheim (1704), Perang Oudenarde (1708), lan Perang Malplaquet (1709); panjenengané ngentukaké jenjang kasuksesané luwih lanjut ing perang minangka Komandan Kerajaan ing Italia lor, luwih-luwih ing Perang Turin (1706). nggawé rasa anyel nglawan Turki ing Perang Austro-Turki taun lan nggawé konsolidasi kanggo reputasiné kanthi kamenangan-kamenangan ing medan Perang Petrovaradin (1716), lan Pengepungan Belgrade (1717) ing Belgrade (1717).

Sasuwéné pungkasaning taun 1720 pengaruh lan kauletan diplomasi Eugene wes kasil ngamanake kakuasaan Kaisar ing masalah dinastiné karo kakuasaan Bourbon; ananging ringkihe fisik lan mentalé nalika mangsa tuané nggawé panjenengané dadi kurang suksès minangka kepala komandan pasukan ing mangsa konflik sing pungkasan, yaiku Perang Suksesi Polandia. Ananging ing Austria reputasi Eugene tetep ora bisa ditandingi. Sanadyan pirang-pirang opini bedha, ananging kanggo karakter ora ana pradul masalah prestasi sing gedhé: panjenenané nulung kanggo nylametaké Kerajaan Habsburg saka Prancis; panjenengané mecahaké kulon lan nyurung Turki, mbebasaké Eropah Tengah sawisé seabad setengah penjajahané Turki; lan panjenengané minangka salah sijining pelindung seni paling élok sing warisan bangunané bisa dideleng tekan dina iki ing Wina. Eugene tilar donya nalika turu ing griyané tanggal 21 April 1736, yuswa 72 taun.

Wiwitaning urip (1663–99)

Hôtel de Soissons

Pangeran Eugene lair ing Hôtel de Soissons, Paris tanggal 18 Oktober 1663. Sanadyan panjenengané salah sijining pangikut Raja Louis XIV saking Prancis, wong tuwané Eugene asale saka kulawarga Italia: ibune, Olympia Mancini, minangka salah sijining ponakan Kardinal Mazarin sing panjenengané gawa menyang Paris saka Roma nalika taun 1647 kanggo panjenengané, lan ing tingkat sing luwih endek, kepengenan panjenengané kabèh. Kulawarga Mancini digedhèkaké ing Palais-Royal bareng karo Louis XIV sing enom, kanthi Olympia sing mbina hubungan sing cedak. Panjenengané kapeksa ngrasakaké kuciwa nalika kesempatané dadi ratu mung lewat, lan ing taun 1657 Olympia nikah karo Eugene Maurice, Pangeran Wangsa Savoia, salanjute Pangeran Soissons. Bareng panjenengané nduwèni 5 putra (Eugene yaiku putra sing ragil) lan 3 putri, ananging ora ana saka wong tuwané sing ngentèkaké wektu bareng karo anak-anaké: bapaké, salah sijining prajurit sing gagah ing njero pasukan Prancis sing ngentèkaké wektuné kanggo kampanye, lan semangat Olympia kanggo intrik istana sing artiné anak-anak mung éntuk perhatian sing cilik saka ibuné.^[1]

Raja tetep kaiket kanthi kuat ing Olympia saingga akèh sing percaya menawa panjenengané kabèh yaiku pasangan sing pada senengé;^[2] ananging kalicikané akhiré nyèrèt ing arah tilar donyané. Sawisé kelangan rasa percaya saka istana Olympia sing mbalik ing Catherine Deshayes (sing dikenal minangka La Voisin), lan seni-seni ilmu hitam lan astrologi. Hubungan kuwi fatal. Anggoné melu ing njero affaire des poisons lan rasa was-was saiki teka nalika prastawa tilar donyané garwané sing cepet ing taun 1673, lan uga anggoné mèlu ing salah sijining komplotan kanggo mateni raja piyambak. Apa waé sing bener saka Olympia, ketimbang ngadepi hukum, panjenengané akhiré mlayu menyang Prancis ing daerah Brussel nalika wulan Januari 1680, ninggalaké Eugene ing momongané ibu lan bapaké, Marie de Bourbon, lan putriné, Puteri Pewarisé Baden, ibu Pangeran Louis saking Baden.^[3]

Wiwit panjenengane umur 10 taun Eugene digedekake kanggo makarya ing njero gereja; pilihan pribadhi Raja, miturut keputusan amarga ringkihe fisik lan mentale. Wes genah penampilan Eugene ora ana sing dibanggakake – "Panjenengane ora nduweni rai sing apik …" tulis Adipati Wanita Orléans, "Dibenarake menawa matane ora elek, ananging irunge ngrusak raine; panjenengane nduweni rong untu sing gedhe lan ketok terus."^[4] Ing wulan Februari 1683, Eugene nggawe kulawargane kaget nalika panjenengane ngumumake niate gabung ing militer. Saiki Eugene sing umure 19 taun nglamar langsung menyang Louis XIV kanggo dadi kepala salah sijining kantor Prancis, ananging Raja sing ora nduweni rasa percaya tumrap keturunan Olympia wiwit panjenengane mlayu, nolak lamaran kasebut. "Kepenginan kuwi prasojo, ora njaluk banget" lanjute. "Ora ana wong sing nate ndeleng aku kanthi tatapan sing kemaki kyo mangkono."^[5] Ditolak kanggo makarya ing Prancis, Eugene mutusake kanggo makarya ing luar negeri. Salah sijine sedulur Eugene, Louis Julius, wes gabung ing servis militer taun sadurunge, ananging panjenengane tilar donya amarga dipateno paprangan nglawan Turki ing taun 1683. Nalika berita babagan tilar donyane tekan ing Paris, Eugene mutusake lungo menyang Austria kanthi pengarep bisa njupuk alih komando sedulure. Babagan kasebut udu minangka keputusan sing biasa: sedulure, Louis saka Baden, wes dadi jenderal pemimpin ing pasukan Kerajaan, mangkono uga sedulur adohe, Maximilian Emmanuel, Pamilih saka Bayern. Ing salah sijining wengi tanggal 26 Juli 1683, Eugene ninggalake Paris menyang etan.^[6]

Gambar Kastil Buda ing taun 1686 dening Gyula Benczúr.

Perang Suksesi Polandia

Nalika taun 1733 Raja Polandia lan Pamilih Sachsen, Augustus II tilar donya. Ana rong calon pewarise: kapisan, Stanisław Leszczyński, bapak maratuwa Louis XV; kaloro, putra Pamilih Sachsen, Augustus, sing didukung dening Rusia, Austria, lan Prusia. Suksesi Polandia wes menehi kepala menteri Louis XV, Fleury, kesempatan kanggo nyerang Austria lan njupuk Lorraine saka Francis Stephen. Kanthi upaya kanggo ngentukake dukungan Spanyol, Prancis ndukung suksesi putra-putra Elisabeth Farnese ing wilayah-wilayah Italia luwih adoh.^[7]

Deleng uga

Prinz Eugen, der edle Ritter
Several ships have been named in Eugene's honour: Prinz Eugen (disambiguation)|Prinz Eugen.
A commemorative coin (Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)#2002 coinage) using the effigy of Prince Eugene as the main motif was issued in 11 September 2002.
World War II Schutzstaffel division: 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen.

Silsilah

Cathetan sikil

↑ McKay: Prince Eugene of Savoy, 9–10
↑ Somerset: The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV, 252
↑ McKay: Prince Eugene of Savoy, 9
↑ Henderson: Prince Eugen of Savoy, 9
↑ Heer: The Holy Roman Empire, 228. This was a clear infringement of taboo which Louis could not tolerate. Other reasons are also speculated. Louvois, Louis' secretary of State for War, detested Eugene's mother after she had rejected a proposed marriage between her daughter and his son.
↑ Heer states Eugene's departure date was 21 July.
↑ Simms: Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 231; McKay & Scott: The Rise of the Great Powers: 1648–1815, 141

Referensi

Kapisan

Lediard, Thomas (1736). The Life of John, Duke of Marlborough. 3 Volumes. London
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, duc de (1999 [1739–50]). Memoirs: 1691–1709. Volume 1. Prion Books Ltd. ISBN 1-85375-352-1
Saxe, Maurice de (2007 [1757]). Reveries on the Art of War. Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 0-486-46150-5

Kaloro

Chandler, David G (1990). The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough. Spellmount Limited. ISBN 0-946771-42-1
Chandler, David G (2003). Marlborough as Military Commander. Spellmount Ltd. ISBN 1-86227-195-X
Childs, John (2003). Warfare in the Seventeenth Century. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-36373-1
Churchill, Winston (2002). Marlborough: His Life and Times, Bk. 1, vols. i & ii. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-10633-0
Churchill, Winston (2002). Marlborough: His Life and Times, Bk. 2, vols. iii & iv. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-10635-7
Coxe, William (1864). History of the House of Austria. 6 Volumes. Henry G. Bohn
Duffy, Christopher (1985). Frederick the Great: A Military Life. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-9649-6
Hatton, Ragnhild (2001). George I. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08883-3
Heer, Friedrich (2002). The Holy Roman Empire (trans. George Weidenfield & Nicolson). Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-600-8
Henderson, Nicholas (1966). Prince Eugen of Savoy. Weidenfield & Nicolson. ISBN 1-84212-597-4
Lynn, John A (1999). The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714. Longman. ISBN 0-582-05629-2
MacMunn, George (1933). Prince Eugene: Twin Marshal with Marlborough. Sampson Low, Marston & CO., Ltd.
McKay, Derek (1977). Prince Eugene of Savoy. Thames and Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-500-87007-1
McKay, Derek & Scott, H. M (1984). The Rise of the Great Powers: 1648–1815. Longman. ISBN 0-582-48554-1
Setton, Kenneth M. (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-192-2
Simms, Brendan (2008). Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-028984-8
Somerset, Anne (2004). The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV. Phoenix. ISBN 0-7538-1784-5
Spielman, John (1977). Leopold I of Austria. Thames and Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-500-87005-5
Stoye, John (2000). The Siege of Vienna. Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1-84341-037-0
Wolf, John B (1962). The Emergence of the Great Powers: 1685–1715. Harper & Row. ISBN 0061397509

Wacanan salanjute

Arneth, Alfred. (1858–64). Prinz Eugen von Savoyen. 3 Volumes. Vienna
Braubach, Max. (1963–65). Prinz Eugen von Savoyen. 5 Volumes. Vienna

[1] McKay: Prince Eugene of Savoy, 9–10

[2] Somerset: The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV, 252

[3] McKay: Prince Eugene of Savoy, 9

[henderson9-4] Henderson: Prince Eugen of Savoy, 9

[5] Heer: The Holy Roman Empire, 228. This was a clear infringement of taboo which Louis could not tolerate. Other reasons are also speculated. Louvois, Louis' secretary of State for War, detested Eugene's mother after she had rejected a proposed marriage between her daughter and his son.

[6] Heer states Eugene's departure date was 21 July.

[7] Simms: Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 231; McKay & Scott: The Rise of the Great Powers: 1648–1815, 141

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@@ Larik 41: / Larik 41: @@
 [[Gambar:Benczur-budavar.jpg|thumb|300px|Gambar Kastil Buda ing [[taun]] 1686 dening [[Gyula Benczúr]].]]
-[[Gambar:Portrait of Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736).png|thumb|left|170px|''Potret Pangeran Eugene saking Savoia (1663–1736)'' sekitar [[taun]] 1700. Flemish School.]]
+[[Gambar:Portrait of Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736).png|thumb|left|170px|''Photo Pangeran Eugene saking Savoia (1663–1736)'' sekitar [[taun]] 1700. Flemish School.]]
 [[Gambar:Eugen von Savoyen Alpen Covens Mortiers 1702.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Pangeran Eugene nyeberangi Alpen ing [[taun]] 1701. Ukiran tembaga sing nduwe warna.]]
@@ Larik 52: / Larik 52: @@
 [[Gambar:Low Countries 1700.png|thumb|300px|Saeise kamenangan ing lor [[Italia]], Eugene perang luwih-luwih ing Negara-negara Ngisor sasuwene Perang Suksesi [[Spanyol]].]]
+=== Perang Suksesi Polandia ===
+Nalika [[taun]] 1733 Raja Polandia lan Pamilih Sachsen, Augustus II tilar donya. Ana rong calon pewarise: kapisan, Stanisław Leszczyński, bapak maratuwa Louis XV; kaloro, putra Pamilih Sachsen, Augustus, sing didukung dening [[Rusia]], [[Austria]], lan Prusia. Suksesi Polandia wes menehi kepala menteri Louis XV, Fleury, kesempatan kanggo nyerang [[Austria]] lan njupuk Lorraine saka Francis Stephen. Kanthi upaya kanggo ngentukake dukungan [[Spanyol]], [[Prancis]] ndukung suksesi putra-putra Elisabeth Farnese ing wilayah-wilayah [[Italia]] luwih adoh.<ref>Simms: ''Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire,'' 231; McKay & Scott: ''The Rise of the Great Powers: 1648–1815,'' 141</ref>
+[[Gambar:Portrait of Prince Eugene.jpg|thumb|170px|Pangeran Eugene dening [[Jan Kupecký]].]]
+{{Main|Perang Suksesi Polandia}}
+[[Gambar:John Churchill Marlborough porträtterad av Adriaen van der Werff (1659-1722).jpg|thumb|left|170px|Adipati Marlborough (1650–1722) dening [[Adriaen van der Werff]]. Eugene dadi kepala komandan Sekutu sawise Marlborough dibubarake [[taun]] 1711.]]
 == Deleng uga ==