Kakaisaran Bizantin: Béda antara owahan

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Salarik

Révisi kala 30 Mèi 2012 01.50

Kakaisaran Bizantium utawa Kakaisaran Romawi Timur (ejaan liya: Bizantin, Byzantin, Byzantine) iku wilayah wétan Kakaisaran Romawi sing wicara nganggo abasa Yunani^[1] ing Abad Kuna lan Tengahan. Pedunung lan tangga-teparo Kakaisaran Bizantium njuluki negri iki Kakaisaran Romawi utawa Romania (Yunani: Ῥωμανία, Rhōmanía).

Rujukan

↑ Millar 2006, kc. 2, 15; James 2010, kc. 5: "But from the start, there were two major differences between the Roman and Byzantine empires: Byzantium was for much of its life a Greek speaking empire oriented towards Greek, not Latin culture; and it was a Christian empire."

Wacan

Ahrweiler, Helene (2000). Les Europeens. Paris: Herman.
Haldon, John (2001). The Byzantine Wars: Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0752417959.
Hussey, J. M. (1966). The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV — The Byzantine Empire Part I, Byzantium and its Neighbors. Cambridge University Press.
Runciman, Steven (1966). Byzantine Civilisation. Edward Arnold (Publishers). ISBN 1566195748.
Runciman, Steven (1990). The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign. University Press (Cambridge). ISBN 0521061644.
Toynbee, Arnold J. (1972). Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019215253X. ISBN 0-19-215253-X.

Pranala njaba

Studi, sumber, dan bibliografi Bizantium

Adena, L. "The Enduring Legacy of Byzantium", Clio History Journal, 2008.
Ciesniewski, C. "The Byzantine Achievement", Clio History Journal, 2006.
Fox, Clinton R. What, If Anything, Is a Byzantine? (Ensiklopedia Kaisar-kaisar Romawi Daring)
The Cambridge Medieval History (IV) The Eastern Roman Empire (717–1453).
Halaman studi Bizantium di Dumbarton Oaks. Meliputi pranala ke beberapa teks elektronik.
Byzantium: Byzantine Studies on the Internet. Pranala ke berbagai sumber daring.
Translated Excerpts from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700-1204. Sumber daring.
De Re Militari. Sumber-sumber untuk sejarah abad pertengahan, meliputi beberapa sumber terjemahan mengenai peperangan Bizantium.
Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium. Beberapa sumber primer mengenai sejarah Romawi Timur.
Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life. Dihost oleh Universitas Wina; dalam bahasa Inggris.
Constantinople Home Page. Pranala ke teks, gambar, dan video tentang Bizantium.
Bizantium di Krimea: Sejarah Politik, Seni, dan Budaya.
Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences

Liya

De Imperatoribus Romanis. Biografi ilmiah kaisar-kaisar Bizantium.
Jatuhnya Kekaisaran. Pelajaran Bizantium (2007). (Russian: Гибель империи. Византийский урок) Film yang menjelaskan mengapa Romawi Timur jatuh dari sudut pandang politik dan ekonomi, difilmkan oleh Gereja Ortodoks Rusia.
12 Penguasa Bizantium oleh Lars Brownworth dari The Stony Brook School; ceramah audio. ulasan NYTimes.
18 abad Kekaisaran Romawi oleh Howard Wiseman (Peta-peta Romawi/Bizantium selama keberadaannya)

Cithakan:Kakaisaran

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[1] Millar 2006, kc. 2, 15; James 2010, kc. 5: "But from the start, there were two major differences between the Roman and Byzantine empires: Byzantium was for much of its life a Greek speaking empire oriented towards Greek, not Latin culture; and it was a Christian empire."

[1]

@@ Larik 1: / Larik 1: @@
-'''Kakaisaran Bizantium'''  utawa '''Kakaisaran Romawi Timur''' (ejaan liya: '''Bizantin''', '''Byzantin''', '''Byzantine''') iku wilayah wétan [[Kakaisaran Romawi]] sing wicara nganggo [[basa Yunani|abasa Yunani]]<ref>{{harvnb|Millar|2006|pages=2, 15}}; {{harvnb|James|2010|p=5}}: "But from the start, there were two major differences between the Roman and Byzantine empires: Byzantium was for much of its life a Greek speaking empire oriented towards Greek, not Latin culture; and it was a Christian empire."</ref> ing [[Abad Kuna]] lan [[Abad Tengahan|Tengahan]]. Pedunung lan tangga-teparo Kakaisaran Bizantium njuluki negri iki Kakaisaran Romawi utawa Romania ([[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανία}}, ''Rhōmanía'').
+'''Kakaisaran Bizantium''' utawa '''Kakaisaran Romawi Timur''' (ejaan liya: '''Bizantin''', '''Byzantin''', '''Byzantine''') iku wilayah wétan [[Kakaisaran Romawi]] sing wicara nganggo [[basa Yunani|abasa Yunani]]<ref>{{harvnb|Millar|2006|pages=2, 15}}; {{harvnb|James|2010|p=5}}: "But from the start, there were two major differences between the Roman and Byzantine empires: Byzantium was for much of its life a Greek speaking empire oriented towards Greek, not Latin culture; and it was a Christian empire."</ref> ing [[Abad Kuna]] lan [[Abad Tengahan|Tengahan]]. Pedunung lan tangga-teparo Kakaisaran Bizantium njuluki negri iki Kakaisaran Romawi utawa Romania ([[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανία}}, ''Rhōmanía'').
-==Rujukan==
+== Rujukan ==
 {{reflist}}
@@ Larik 38: / Larik 38: @@
 {{kakaisaran}}
 [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Romawi Timur|*]]