Cinatur gegethingan
Cinatur gegethingan sajatiné tetembungan sing ora duwé makna manunggal lan ajeg. Bausastra Cambridge medhar yen makna cinatur gegethingan sing ing basa Inggris karan 'hate speech' yaiku "caturan umum kang mawa rasa gething utawa ngajani tumindak ala marang sawijing wong utawa keklumpukaning wong lelantaran suku, agama, jalwèstri (gender), utawa orientasi jalwèstriné". [1] Encyclopedia of the American Constitution (Bausastra Pranatanagara Amérika) macak yen cinatur gegethingan "umumé kalebu guneman kang mawa padon utawa pepoyokan marang sawiji wong utawa keklumpukané wong amarga sipat darbéné kayata suku, rupa kulit, asal nagara, jalwèstri, katandayan (disabilitas), agama, utawa orientasi jalwèstriné". [2] Cinatur iki bisa kalebu ajan-ajan marang kelas masarakat tartamtu[3] utawa marang kapracayan rajaniti. [4] Sapréné, ora ana siji makna kanggo negesi apa sing aran "gegethingan" utawa "pepoyokan". Ing babagan ukum, teges cinatur gegethingan bisa werna-werna ing saben nagara.
Ana akèh dedebatan ing bab kamardikan cinatur, cinatur gegethingan, uga pranata ukumé. [5] Angger-angger ing sawetara nagara ngandharaké cinatur gegethingan minangka caturan, pawakan, tumindak, tulisan, utawa giyaran sing ngajani paripeksa (kekerasan) utawa prangira marang sawiji wong utawa klumpukané wong amarga kalebu ing sawijiné pepanthan (suku, agama, jalwèstri, nagara, lsp). Utawa tumandang moyok lan nyacad marang wong/klumpukan amarga pepanthan mau. Angger-angger iki manawa bisa nepungi klumpukan sing kaayom minurut kaanan tartamtu. [6] [7] Ing sawetara nagara, kurban cinatur gegethingan bisa njaluk ganti rugi lumantar ukum perdata, ukum pidana, utawa loro karoné. Ing Amèrika Sarèkat, samubarang tumindak sing kalebu "cinatur gegethingan" kaayom dening pranatagara. Tegesé wong sing nglakoni durung mesthi bisa kaukum amarga ana kamardikan cinatur. [8] [9] [10]
Cinatur gegethingan ditampa kanthi umum minangka salah sawijiné lelantaran tumindak adidurja (kejahatan massal) kayata genosida. [11] Ajan-ajan genosida dadi rupa cinatur gegethingan sing durlaksana, lan wis katuntut ing pradata nagarantara (pengadilan internasional) kayata pradata durja nagarantara kanggo Rwanda (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda).
- ↑ "hate speech". dictionary.cambridge.org.
- ↑ John T. Nockleby, "Hate Speech," in Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, eds. Leonard W. Levy and Kenneth L. Karst, vol. 3 (2nd ed., Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2000, pp. 1277–1279); quoted by Brown-Sica, Margaret; Beall, Jeffrey (2008). "Library 2.0 and the Problem of Hate Speech". Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship. 9 (2). Dibukak ing June 22, 2021.
- ↑ Goldberg, Ann (2015). "Hate Speech and Identity Politics in Germany, 1848-1914". Central European History. 48 (4): 480–497. doi:10.1017/S0008938915000886. ISSN 0008-9389. JSTOR 43965202.
- ↑ Kapelańska-Pręgowska, Julia; Pucelj, Maja (2023-07-21). "Freedom of Expression and Hate Speech: Human Rights Standards and Their Application in Poland and Slovenia". Laws (ing basa Inggris). 12 (4): 64. doi:10.3390/laws12040064. ISSN 2075-471X.
- ↑ "Herz, Michael and Peter Molnar, eds. 2012. The content and context of hate speech. Cambridge University Press" (PDF). Diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 13 July 2018. Dibukak ing 31 March 2018.
- ↑ "Criminal Justice Act 2003". www.legislation.gov.uk. Dibukak ing 2017-01-03.
- ↑ Kinney, Terry A. (June 5, 2008). "Hate Speech and Ethnophaulisms". The International Encyclopedia of Communication. doi:10.1002/9781405186407.wbiech004. ISBN 978-1405186407.
- ↑ "CNN's Chris Cuomo: First Amendment doesn't cover hate speech". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 24 July 2019. Dibukak ing 12 April 2016.
- ↑ Turley, Jonathan (2023-02-25). "Yes, hate speech is constitutionally protected". The Hill (ing basa Inggris Amérika Sarékat). Dibukak ing 2024-09-24.
- ↑ Volokh, Eugene (5 May 2015). "No, there's no "hate speech" exception to the First Amendment". The Washington Post. Dibukak ing 25 June 2017.
- ↑ Gordon, Gregory S. (2017). Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition (ing basa Inggris). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061270-2. SSRN 3230050. Dibukak ing 15 January 2022.