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Agustus Abang

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Agustus Abrit
Péranganing Walyakrama ing Tiongkok
Song Binbin nali ban abang marang Kapala Chairman Mao Zedong ing Gapura Tiananmen, 1966. Ing 18 Agustus, 1966, Mao Zedong nemoni para mahasiswa Pangreksa Abrit ing Tiananmen, marakaké elunan panjagalan ing Beijing.
Jeneng asli红八月
PernahBeijing, China
Tanggal1966
August – September 1966
InceranTeachers, intellectuals, members of the "Five Black Categories" (Landlords, wealthy peasants, bad influences/elements and right wingers), local political leaders and perceived political enemies of Mao Zedong
Jinising serangan
Politicide, politically motivated violence
Pepati1,772–10,275 (deaths)
85,196 (families displaced)
Kurbanlandlords, property owners, political dissidents, “class enemies”
Sing nindakakéChinese Communist Party, Cultural Revolution Group (Chen Boda, Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng, Yao Wenyuan, Zhang Chunqiao, Wang Li, Xie Fuzhi) and student Red Guards incited by Mao Zedong
MotiveDestruction of the "Four Olds (Old cultures, old customs, old habits and ideas) and Five Black Categories (Landlords, wealthy peasants, bad influences/elements and “right wingers”)

Agustus Abrit (aksara Tiongkok prasaja: 红八月; aksara Tiongkok kamanuhan: 紅八月; pinyin: Hóng Bāyuè) yaiku tetembungan kanggo aran titi mangsané paripeksa rajaniti (kekerasan politik) lan panjagalan (pembantaian) ing Beijing wiwit Agustus 1966, nalika Walyakrama Kabudayan (Revolusi Kebudayaan). [1] [2] [3] Miturut babaran statistik resmi ing 1980 sabubaré Walyakrama Kabudayan, Pangreksa Abrit (Red Guard) ing Beijing maténi wong-wong kanthi gunggung 1.772 salawas Augustus Abrit, déné 33.695 omah dijarah, lan 85.196 kulawarga ditundhung. [1] [4] [5] Nanging miturut babaran statistik resmi ing Novèmber 1985, gunggungé korban tiwas ing Beijing ana 10.275 wong.[5] [6] [7]

Ing 18 Agustus 1966, Kapala Mao Zedong nemoni Song Binbin, sawijiné pangarep Pangreksa Abrit, ing ndhuwur Tiananmen. [8] [9] Tumindak iki marakaké elunan (gelombang) paripeksa lan panjagalan ing kutha dening Pangreksa Abrit sing uga miwiti kampanye kanggo ngajuraké “Sekawan Barang Lami”. [1] [4] [9] [10] Pepati sing tumindak dening Pangreksa Abrit iki uga madampak ing sawetara dhistrik désa ing Beijing, kaya ing prastawa Panjagalan Daxing, sing niwasaké 325 wong saka 27 Agustus nganti 1 Sèptèmber ing Dhistrik Daxing. [11] [12] [13] Sauntara kuwi, sawetara wong, kaya juru tulis kondhang Lao She, Zhou Zuoren, lan Chen Mengjia, manta nglalu utawa ngupaya nglalu sawisé diréyoh. [1] [11] [14] [15] Salawas panjagalan, Mao Zedong kanthi terang-terangan nentang cawé-cawéning pangrèh tumrap ebahan (gerakan) mahasiswa lan Xie Fuzhi, Mentri ing Kanayakan Karaharjan Rakyat angrèh pulisi lan berbadan karaharjan rakyat kanggo ora nyekel para Pangreksa Abrit nanging malah ngamping-ampingi. [10] [16] [17] [18] [19] Nanging kahanan wiwit ora karuan ing pungkasan Agustus 1966, meksa Panitya Punjer Partè Kumunis Tiongkok lan pangrèh Tiongkok cawé-cawé sing marakaké alon-alon panjagalan mandheg. [18] [20]

Agustus Abrit dianggep mula bukané Karèsan Abrit jroning Walyakrama Kabudayan Tiongkok.[1] [10] [21] [22] [23] Prastawa iki uga disandhing karo prastawa Kristallnact dening Jérman Nazi, [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] lan Panjagalan Nanjing dening tentara Jepang nalika Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kapindho. [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] Pisahé Tiongkok-Sovyèt ing 1960-an, marakaké Uni Sovyèt nyecampah lan mancahi kanthi sengit apa sing dilakoni Mao. [32] [33] Sawetara babaran ing USSR lan Blok Wètan uga nyandhing patemoné Mao lan Pangreksa Abrit ing Tiananmen kaya sesorahing Adolf Hitler marang panyengkuyungé. [34]

Réferènsi

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Wang, Youqin (2001). "Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" (PDF). The University of Chicago. Diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 2020-04-17.
  2. ↑ Phillips, Tom (2016-05-11). "The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion". The Guardian (ing basa Inggris Karajan Manunggal). ISSN 0261-3077. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-12-08. Dibukak ing 2019-12-23.
  3. ↑ Dong, Yifu (13 September 2016). "My Grandfather Survived China's Cultural Revolution. Why Does He Still Love Mao?". Foreign Policy (ing basa Inggris Amérika Sarékat). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-12-24. Dibukak ing 2019-12-23.
  4. 1 2 Jian, Guo; Song, Yongyi; Zhou, Yuan (2006-07-17). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (ing basa Inggris). Scarecrow Press. kc. xxi (Chronology). ISBN 978-0-8108-6491-7. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2020-06-11. Dibukak ing 2020-07-10.
  5. 1 2 Song, Yongyi (2011-10-11). "文革中"非正常死亡"了多少人？ ---- 读苏扬的《文革中中国农村的集体屠杀》" [How many people "died unnaturally" during the Cultural Revolution?]. China News Digest (ing basa Tyonghwa). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2022-04-17. 有关北京市文革的受害者人数，目下最流行的大都引用文革初期北京市公安局对“红色恐怖”中死亡数的统计：1,772 人。另有33,695户被抄家，85,196个家庭被驱逐出北京。其实，1985年11月5日北京市核查工作会议的工作报告“加强领导，再接再厉，全面做好二期整党的核查工作”有过新的调查和统计。其中死亡数为10,275 （增长率580%）；被抄家为92,000户 (增长率273%)，被驱逐出北京的家庭为125,000 (增长率147%) 。从官方矛盾的陈述中可以清楚地看到：公开的数字被大大地缩小了。
  6. ↑ Peng, Xiaoming (2013-03-02). "记下老红卫兵的血债" [On the "bloody debt" of the "Old" Red Guards]. Beijing Spring (北京之春) (ing basa Tyonghwa). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2013-05-09. Dibukak ing 2019-12-10. 1966红八月打人死亡数为10,275人 ；被抄家为92,000户 ，被驱逐出北京的家庭为125,000户，《1985年11月5日北京市核查工作会议的工作报告“加强领导，再接再厉，全面做好二期整党的核查工作”》（《动向》2011年9月号）
  7. ↑ Sai, Hongqiu. "毛泽东大笑谈杀人" [Mao Zedong talked about killing people with laughter]. Boxun (ing basa Tyonghwa). 北京周末诗会. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-12-10.
  8. ↑ Wang, Youqin. "Victim of the Cultural Revolution——An Investigative Account of Persecution, Imprisonment and Murder" (PDF). The University of Chicago (ing basa Tyonghwa). Diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 2016-10-12.
  9. 1 2 Yu, Luowen. "文革时期北京大兴县大屠杀调查" [An investigation of the Daxing Massacre in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution]. Chinese University of Hong Kong (ing basa Tyonghwa). Lecture Room. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-06-09. Dibukak ing 2019-12-10. 婴儿往往是被劈成两半。有的孩子被孤零零地留在家里，打手们到各家搜，见到小孩就扔到门口的马车上，多数孩子被活活摔死了。死人都被埋在村北边的苇塘里，后来人们管那里叫“万人坑”。有的小孩没被摔死，从“万人坑”里还想往外爬，打手们上去就是一铁锹，再把他打回去。
  10. 1 2 3 Song, Yongyi (2011-08-25). "Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)". Sciences Po (ing basa Inggris). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2023-04-10. Dibukak ing 2019-11-30.
  11. 1 2 "A Massacre in Daxing County During the Cultural Revolution". Chinese Law & Government (ing basa Inggris). 14 (3): 70–71. 2014-12-07. doi:10.2753/CLG0009-4609140370.
  12. ↑ Jian, Guo; Song, Yongyi; Zhou, Yuan (2015-07-23). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (ing basa Inggris). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-5172-4.
  13. ↑ Southerl, Daniel (1994-07-18). "A NIGHTMARE LEAVES SCARS, QUESTIONS". The Washington Post (ing basa Inggris Amérika Sarékat). ISSN 0190-8286. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-12-24.
  14. ↑ Brady, Paul (1974). "Death and the Nobel-On Lao She's "Suicide"" (PDF). Chinese University of Hong Kong. Diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 2019-12-27.
  15. ↑ "PKU Today in History - May 6: Passing of Zhou Zuoren". Peking University. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2024-04-30. Dibukak ing 2024-05-09.
  16. ↑ Mao, Zedong (1966-08-23). "Talk At The Work Conference Of The Centre". Marxists Internet Archive. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2018-07-15.
  17. ↑ Sun, Yancheng (2012). "血统论和大兴"八三一"事件" [Bloodline theory and the Daxing Massacre]. Phoenix New Media (ing basa Tyonghwa). Yanhuang Chunqiu. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-12-10.
  18. 1 2 Feng, Xiang (2014). "王晶垚: "我，没有忘记历史"" [Wang Jingyao: I, have not forgotten history]. Phoenix New Media (ing basa Tyonghwa). Southern Weekly. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-12-10. Dibukak ing 2019-12-10.
  19. ↑ "对红卫兵组织失去信任 毛泽东决定下放知青始末" [Losing faith in the Red Guards organizations, Mao Zedong decided to "send the youths to the countryside"]. Phoenix New Media (ing basa Tyonghwa). People's Net. 2009-12-14. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2015-05-27. Dibukak ing 2019-12-10.
  20. ↑ Wang, Nianyi (2006-06-13). "《亲历重庆大武斗》序". China News Digest (华夏文摘) (ing basa Tyonghwa). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2011-05-19. Dibukak ing 2019-12-10.
  21. ↑ Lasseter, Tom. "Chinese haunted by bloody 'Red August'". Austin American-Statesman (ing basa Inggris). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2020-06-12. Dibukak ing 2020-06-12.
  22. ↑ Xiong, Jingming; Song, Yongyi; Yu, Guoliang (2018-06-15). 中外學者談文革 [Scholars in and out of China talking about the Cultural Revolution] (ing basa Tyonghwa). Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. kc. xliii (Introduction). ISBN 978-988-17563-3-6.
  23. ↑ "47周年回放：再忆文革"八.一八"和 "红八月"" [Forty-seventh anniversary: remembering the "August 18" and Red August of the Cultural Revolution]. Radio Free Asia (ing basa Tyonghwa). 2013-08-15. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-12-10.
  24. ↑ Ma, Sheng-Mei (1987-01-01). "Contrasting Two Survival Literatures: On the Jewish Holocaust and the Chinese Cultural Revolution". Holocaust and Genocide Studies (ing basa Inggris). 2 (1): 81–93. doi:10.1093/hgs/2.1.81. ISSN 8756-6583.
  25. ↑ Jin, Zhong (27 August 2016). "红八月，血迹未乾" [Red August, the blood is still wet]. Independent Chinese PEN Center (ing basa Tyonghwa). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-12-10. Dibukak ing 2019-12-10.
  26. ↑ "王容芬经历的"8·18"" [Wang Rongfang's experience on "August 18"]. Deutsche Welle (ing basa Tyonghwa). 2011-08-19. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-12-10. Dibukak ing 2019-12-10.
  27. 1 2 Wang, Chuanye. "沉重的回忆（41）"文革"风暴到来的时候" [Heavy memories (41): when the storm of "Cultural Revolution" arrived]. Chinese University of Hong Kong (ing basa Tyonghwa). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2020-03-24.
  28. 1 2 Xi, Ligong (2012). "也说"老红卫兵"" [On the "Old" Red Guards]. Boxun (ing basa Tyonghwa). Consensus Net. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-12-10. Dibukak ing 2019-12-10.
  29. 1 2 Lang, Jun (2012). "伫视王晶垚－宋彬彬对簿历史的公堂——《宋彬彬谈话纪要》的解读及其它（下）" [Looking at the court of history between Wang Jinyao and Song Binbin]. China News Digest (华夏文摘) (ing basa Tyonghwa). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-12-11.
  30. ↑ Luo Ri, Yu Deng (2018-12-13). "建構文化創傷——從南京大屠殺與「文革」說起" [Constructing cultural tramas——beginning from the Nanjing Massacre and the Cultural Revolution]. Initium Media. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-12-11. Dibukak ing 2019-12-10.
  31. ↑ Ma, Jian (2016). "谁敢把皇帝拉下马？----文革五十周年反思" [Who dares to drag the Emperor down from the horse: reflection written on the fiftieth anniversary of the Cultural Revolution]. Independent Chinese PEN Center (ing basa Tyonghwa). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2020-06-28. Dibukak ing 2019-12-10.
  32. ↑ "Pravda, The Anti-Soviet Policy of Communist China, Feb. 16, 1967". University of Southern California (ing basa Inggris). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2024-07-14. Dibukak ing 2024-12-29.
  33. ↑ McGuire, Elizabeth (2001-05-01). "China, the Fun House Mirror: Soviet Reactions to the Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969". Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies (ing basa Inggris).
  34. ↑ Bai, Hua (2016-05-18). "文革与苏联 红卫兵成贬义 毛形象恶劣" [Cultural Revolution and the Soviet Union: Red Guards' negative meaning and Mao's poor image]. Voice of America (ing basa Tyonghwa). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2024-11-30. Dibukak ing 2024-12-29.
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